Nanocarriers’ entry into the cell: relevance to drug delivery |
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Authors: | Hervé Hillaireau Patrick Couvreur |
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Institution: | (1) School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 40 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;(2) Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud 11, IFR 141, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Chatenay Malabry, France |
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Abstract: | Nanocarriers offer unique possibilities to overcome cellular barriers in order to improve the delivery of various drugs and
drug candidates, including the promising therapeutic biomacromolecules (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins). There are various
mechanisms of nanocarrier cell internalization that are dramatically influenced by nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties.
Depending on the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking, different pharmacological applications may be considered.
This review will discuss these opportunities, starting with the phagocytosis pathway, which, being increasingly well characterized
and understood, has allowed several successes in the treatment of certain cancers and infectious diseases. On the other hand,
the non-phagocytic pathways encompass various complicated mechanisms, such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated
endocytosis and macropinocytosis, which are more challenging to control for pharmaceutical drug delivery applications. Nevertheless,
various strategies are being actively investigated in order to tailor nanocarriers able to deliver anticancer agents, nucleic
acids, proteins and peptides for therapeutic applications by these non-phagocytic routes. |
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Keywords: | Liposomes Nanoparticles Polymeric micelles Endocytosis Phagocytosis Clathrin Caveolae Macropinocytosis |
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