Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

ABSTRACT

We describe two diminutive species of rattlesnakes (genus Crotalus) from small nearshore islands off the coast of Baja California in the western Gulf of California, Mexico. In order to test the hypothesis that some island populations represent cohesive species entities, we applied linear discriminant analysis and uniform validation procedures to multiple classes of intrinsic trait data. By using previously recognised species to establish a threshold for species recognition, we found that assignment of specimens to either new species was as probable as with other established rattlesnake species within the speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii) complex. We also found that assignment of specimens from other island populations was not as probable as for the established species, and these populations are referable to C. pyrrhus. The species endemic to Piojo Island is most closely related to other island and mainland populations of C. pyrrhus whereas the species endemic to Cabeza de Caballo Island is apparently most closely related to C. angelensis, a nearby island endemic of large body size. However, patterns from both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, and phenotypic variation, indicate that evolutionary trajectories of both of these species have been influenced by introgression from C. angelensis. We speculate that collective evidence based on contrasting patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial evolution supports a hybrid origin of the species from Cabeza de Caballo Island followed by exceptionally rapid mitochondrial evolution. Consistent with small body size, both species show a reduction in various scale counts relative to other species of the C. mitchellii species complex, suggesting that dwarfism is not simply a plastic response to insular conditions.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn.lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FBC8A11B-04A3-4231-85CA-3972DF5A42FF     

A new species of Friesea (Collembola: Neanuridae) from the Antarctic Continent

A new species of Friesea was found in East Antarctica and is described here as Friesea eureka sp. nov. This is the first new collembolan species to be described from the Antarctic continent in 30 years, even though ice-free areas have been intensively surveyed over that time. It brings to five the number of described species of the genus Friesea known from the Antarctic continent and Peninsula, so is the most speciose genus of Collembola in the region. However, one of these, F. grisea Schäffer, comprises a number of cryptic species of different molecular lineages. The new species is distinguished by having 4 + 4 ocelli plus 1 + 1 hardly visible, a very reduced furca, up to four or five faintly clavate tenent hairs, four anal spines and four spinose chaetae in adult. The restricted distribution of the species emphasises the importance of protecting ice-free areas on the continent as they often contain at least one locally endemic faunal species

www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:865B9AE6-0428-4364-99A4-AF38A764D6D9     

拉恩氏菌LRP3诱导形成碱式磷酸锌沉淀及其在Zn污染土壤修复中的作用

采用批式和土壤培养实验考察拉恩氏菌LRP3对Zn的磷酸盐矿物诱导及其在Zn污染土壤修复中的作用, 并进行X射线衍射、 扫描电子显微镜、 能谱及Fourier变换红外光谱分析. 结果表明, 菌株LRP3对Zn²⁺的最大耐受质量浓度为120 mg/L; 对溶液中Zn²⁺的去除率为菌体细胞（97.4%）>发酵液（88.2%）>无菌发酵液（81.6%）; 菌株LRP3的发酵液可通过生物矿化作用诱导形成结晶良好的立方体状Zn₂(OH)PO₃矿物晶体; 菌株LRP3的发酵液加入土壤后可快速降低DTPA-Zn的质量比, 培养5 d后DTPA-Zn的质量比平均下降784%, 培养6 d后土壤中Zn的弱酸提取态和可氧化态的质量比分别下降72.5%和562%, 可还原态和残渣态的质量比分别增加85.1%和14.8%. 因此, 菌株LRP3对Zn²⁺具有较强的抗性和吸附能力, 可通过降解植酸释放磷酸根, 进一步诱导形成碱式磷酸锌矿物晶体, 从而降低土壤中Zn的生物有效性, 可用于Zn污染土壤的绿色可持续修复.     

all 1691基因表达及铁元素对鱼腥藻生长的影响

为实现FurA的表达,探究铁元素对藻生长的影响,首先运用Primer5.0设计引物,克隆出鱼腥藻PCC7120染色体上all1691(furA)基因片段;构建含组氨酸融合表达标签和T7启动子标签的表达载体.IPTG诱导FurA蛋白表达.然后设计不同Fe3+浓度梯度培养基,利用SDS-PAGE检测高、中、低Fe3+浓度培养液的藻细胞总蛋白,考马斯亮蓝g-250法测定蛋白含量,并用Trizol法提取不同Fe3+浓度培养的藻细胞总RNA.结果表明,获得纯化的all 1691克隆片段,大小为456bp,pET-1691重组蛋白在1mmol/L的IPTG诱导下,于37℃下摇床培养15h得到成功表达;低浓度Fe3+促进藻生长,高浓度Fe3+抑制藻生长;Fe3+浓度为2.0mg/L时rRNA位置与亮度清晰可见,而缺铁培养的藻生长几乎停滞,转录和翻译水平都很低.     

短指软珊瑚Sinularia sp.内生真菌Ta31-2代谢产物研究(Ⅱ)

从短指软珊瑚Sinularia sp.内生真菌Ta31-2的代谢产物中分离得到10个化合物,利用波谱技术确定其结构分别为硬脂酸(1)、软脂酸(2)、肉豆蔻酸(3)、癸酸甲酯(4)、麦角甾醇(5)、fusanolide B(6)、丁二酸(7)、curvulalide(8)、modiolide A(9)和neoechinulin A(10)。其中,fusanolide B(6)为首次从海洋真菌中分离得到,curvulalide(8)和neoechinulin A(10)为首次从软珊瑚Sinularia sp.内生真菌中分离得到。     

温度、光照和磷质量浓度对小环藻、大型溞和金鱼藻共培养的影响

为了研究温度、光照和磷质量浓度对生物操纵效果的影响,选用小环藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型水生植物的代表种,建立不同磷质量浓度(0.05、0.1、0.5、2mg/L)的水生微宇宙模型,研究不同温度梯度(15、20、25、30℃)、不同光照强度(1000、2600、4200、5800lx)及不同光暗比(10∶14、12∶12、14∶10、16∶8)条件下浮游动物和沉水植物的控藻效果.结果表明:磷质量浓度为0.05~0.5mg/L、温度在20~25℃时,大型溞和金鱼藻生长较好,对小环藻有明显的抑制作用;磷质量浓度为0.05~0.5 mg/L、光照强度在1000~4200lx时,大型溞和金鱼藻对小环藻有明显的抑制作用;强光(5800lx)有利于小环藻、金鱼藻的生长,但对大型溞有抑制;磷质量浓度为0.05~0.5mg·L-1,光暗比为14h∶10h时,大型溞和金鱼藻生长最好,可以达到很好的抑藻效果;当磷质量浓度相同时,温度30℃、光照5800lx时,培养液中氮磷去除率最高.     

Species of the genera Bakera and Mangganeura (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Typhlocybinae) occurring on mango and other crop plants in the Oriental region

The genera Bakera (Bakera), Bakera (Guinobata) and Mangganeura (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Typhlocybinae) are re-described and compared. Sandalla is considered a synonym of Bakera (Guinobata) (syn. nov.).

Bakera (Bakera) nigrobilineata (Melichar) (=vittata Mahmood) is redescribed and illustrated from mango in the Philippines, on which it is frequently abundant, and found in association with Bakera (Bakera) luzonica sp. nov. which is described. Bakera (Bakera) abaca sp. nov. is described from the Philippines having been collected on abaca (Manila hemp). Bakera (Guinobata) nigroscuta Mahmood is redescribed from the Philippines and its association with coconut confirmed. Mangganeura reticulata Ghauri, described from Malaysia on mango, has been found in Thailand and the hitherto unknown female is described.     

A review of the genus Sisyrophanus Karsch 1886 (Diptera: Bombyliidae)

The Afrotropical genus Sisyrophanus Karsch is reviewed and a key is provided for the separation of the eight known species, including Sisyrophanus stylifer sp. nov. which is described from Burundi and Tanzania.