系统地理学的研究及其在鱼类上的应用

介绍了系统地理学的研究内容、理论、方法,重点介绍了AVISE的5种物种分布模式、中性溯祖理论、mtDNA多态性分析的优越性以及TEMPLETON的巢式支系法。还从地理隔离、种群扩散、基因交流、区系划分、分子钟估算等方面阐述了系统地理学在鱼类的应用研究现况和应用前景。最后提出了系统地理学在鱼类应用时要注意的事项:1)要选择合适的基因DNA片段进行分析;2)mtDNA标记最好要与核DNA标记及形态学、细胞学、生化学标记结合使用;3)要提高分子钟估算的精确度。     

Genetic and morphometric variation of the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) on the Azores Archipelago reveals a recent range expansion

ABSTRACT

The Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla, is one of the few passerine species that breeds in all the Macaronesian archipelagos. The sedentary habits of these populations contrast with the migratory populations from the Western Europe. However, little is known for Azorean populations. We assessed the phylogeography of populations from the Azores based on sequences of two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene in the Z-chromosome. We also analysed differences in eight morphometric characters from a total of 282 Blackcaps from all the Azores islands. Our results suggest the occurrence of historical and/or current gene flow among birds from all the islands. Blackcaps from the Azores are close relatives of those from Madeira and Portugal, indicating a recent range expansion to the Azores in the last 0.1 million years. The analysis of morphometric data showed a high morphological diversity among and within the islands, probably related to ecological traits.     

中国明对虾的种群遗传结构和地理变异

采用分子系统地理学的研究方法,以烟台群体(YT)、青岛群体(QD)、珠海群体(ZH)(为3个野生群体)以及阳江群体(YJ)(为养殖群体)等4个地理种群的51个中国明对虾个体为实验材料,探讨了中国明对虾地理分布格局的形成原因,并在51个样品中成功扩增出了525 bp的线粒体DNA细胞色素b(mtDNA cyt-b)片段,...     

Origin of Gymnocypris przewalskii and phylogenetic history of Gymnocypris eckloni (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence （1140bp）. Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G. eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype A1 was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G. przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades A1 and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0.2308±0.01 Ma and 0.1319±0.015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of “Gonghe Movement” event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.     

Mitochondrial DNA genetic variation and phylogeography of the recently described vole species Proedromys liangshanensis Liu,Sun, Zeng and Zhao, 2007 (Rodentia: Arvicolinae)

A vole species, Proedromys liangshanensis Liu, Sun, Zeng and Zhao, 2007 Liu, SY, Sun, ZY, Zeng, ZY and Zhao, EM. 2007. A new vole (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae: proedromys) from the Liangshan Mountains of Sichuan province. China. J Mammal., 88(5): 1170–1178.  [Google Scholar] (Rodentia: Arvicolinae), which is endemic to the Liangshan Mountains, Sichuan, China, was reported in 2007. The species is restricted to a narrow range because of its weak dispersal ability and habitat specificity, and only lives in fir and spruce forests with abundant grass. In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogeographical structure of 42 P. liangshanensis were examined based on analysis of a partial mitochondrial DNA control region. The results revealed low genetic diversity in the P. liangshanensis populations. Twelve nucleotide haplotypes were defined in the 42 collected individuals, and were divided into two major phylogenetic clades, which were obviously related to geographic pattern. Estimates of gene flow (Nm?=?0.09) also revealed a genetic divergence between the Jinyang and Meigu populations. Species-specific traits, habitat specificity and geographic events contributed to the genetic divergence of the new vole. ?These authors contributed equally to this work.      

Mapping aquatic faunal exchanges across the Sunda shelf,South-East Asia,using distributional and genetic data sets from the cyprinid fish Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850)

The islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo and mainland South-East Asia are encompassed by a shallow marine shelf, the Sunda shelf. The striking faunal similarities between countries bordering the Sunda shelf have been attributed to faunal exchanges across the shelf during Pleistocene glacial maxima when sea levels fell by up to 120 m and the shelf was exposed and drained by large river systems which connected many of today's rivers. The widespread distribution of fish species reflecting extensive faunal exchange across the area is predicted to be observed within species through the broad geographic distribution of genetic lineages. Here I report a discontinuous species distribution across the region for the cyprinid fish, Barbodes gonionotus. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequence and nuclear locus data from populations sampled across the species range, suggest that the present species distribution largely reflects faunal exchanges early in the Pleistocene and that these two regional population groupings have subsequently diverged in isolation. However, the mtDNA data present some evidence for limited genetic dispersal during more recent Pleistocene low sea levels. These results broadly confirm previous work from a catfish species and suggest that freshwater faunal exchanges may have been limited across the region during the Pleistocene despite extended periods during which the Sunda shelf was exposed.     

西北太平洋边缘海重要海洋动物分子系统地理学的研究进展

伴随溯祖理论(coalescent theory)的日益完善和分子生物学技术的不断创新,具有学科交叉性的分子系统地理学已成为国际上十分活跃的研究领域,其成果对现今的种内遗传格局、物种形成、生物多样性水平等研究有重要的启示。西北太平洋的边缘海约占世界边缘海的75%,其显著的历史地理过程和复杂的海洋水文环境为海洋生物遗传分化和物种系统地理格局的研究提供了良好的模型。本文对近年来西北太平洋边缘海重要海洋动物门类的分子系统地理学进行简要综述,以期加深对相关物种的遗传多样性水平及种群进化历史的认识,为海洋生物资源的合理开发利用和保护提供必要的理论指导;同时,本文还对分子系统地理学今后的研究重点及其所使用的技术手段进行更深层次地展望。     

Origin of Gymnocypris przewalskii and phylogenetic history of Gymnocypris eckloni (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence (1140bp). Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G . eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype Al was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G . przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G . eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades Al and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0. 2308±0.01 Ma and 0.1319±0. 015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of "Gonghe Movement" event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qing-hai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.