应用性追求:中国高等教育人才培养的 长时段历史考察

中国应用型人才培养的实践并非新近的事情。从长时段历史考察,中国共产党与中华人民共和国对于应用型人才的培养探索甚至渊源于150年前的近代转型传统。与主张“君子不器”的传统高等教育不同,近现代意义上的制度化高等教育自引入中国之日起,就一直肩负着国家层面赋予的应用型人才培养任务,甚至并未因社会制度变革而中断。晚清时期,朝廷与精英基于“师夷长技以制夷”兴办了一批具有专科性质的学堂;南京国民政府基于毕业生失业严重以及“高等教育破产”的争议,着眼于调整高等教育结构;中华人民共和国成立初期,基于“专门人才”急需而实施院系调整与专业细分;改革开放以来,基于就业制度市场化变革与高等教育分类发展需要而作出院校转型的决策部署。这些政策及措施意味着高等教育承载着国家(政府)的意志和期待、民族(社会)的渴望和要求。在中国高等教育后续发展中,应注意高等教育的理想类型与现实复杂性之间的问题,努力在创新知识生产模式中推动应用型高等教育的内涵式发展。     

论人工智能的政治哲学反思窘境

人工智能引发了诸多反思,但其中少有政治哲学的声音,其缘由在于政治环境与人工智能两者的特点:引发人类生死存亡忧思的超级人工智能会摧毁形成政治的环境;自主人工智能会引发道德主体资格的反思,而准自主人工智能引发当下的道德原则是否根本的追问,但只有当两类人工智能实际参与人类生活后,这两者才能获得具体的实质结论。     

String theory,Einstein, and the identity of physics: Theory assessment in absence of the empirical

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

话“术语哲学”

2003 年,国际术语学研究所举办了东西欧术语学基础理论比较研讨会,在此会议上,来自东、西欧的术语学研究者畅所欲言,对自20世纪30年代以来,在奥地利(代表欧洲中西部地区)和苏联等东欧国家逐渐发展起来的术语学理论进行了深入研讨。俄罗斯女学者阿莱克谢耶娃做了“术语学和哲学之间的相互影响”的主题发言,国际术语学研究所副所长布丁教授也以“对术语哲学的展望”为题做了演讲,它探究了术语学的哲学源头,分析了术语学理论与“知识工程”和“知识本体”的内在联系,以此作为对东欧学者的呼应。文章旨在介绍布丁教授这篇演讲里的重要观点,以期为广大读者充分了解术语学的理论基石提供途径。     

人类的复杂性及其程序化的限度——兼评“人类终结论”与“竞速统治论”

人工智能的潜在威胁已成为人类的一种公共性焦虑,当前的"人类终结论"与"竞速统治论"是这种焦虑的学术确认。然而,不论是人类终结论还是竞速统治论,它们的吸引力都是建立在对科技发展的过高估计与对人类发展的过低估计所构成的巨大反差之上。这类论断既无助于人们客观地看待科技的发展,也无助于人们客观地看待自身的发展。破除这类论断所编织的扭曲图景,需要我们予以追认人类的复杂性,探析其程序化的限度,以及展示人类能力发展的可能空间。     

中国神话传说中蕴含的管理思想

中国的神话传说分为神话、仙话和民间传说,它与哲学、历史、文艺、科学和宗教有着密切联系。中国神话的历史化高潮发生在西周时期。中国神话的主流意识贯穿着管理意识、管理行为、管理世界图示等管理哲学命题。     

Quantum reality: A pragmaticized neo-Kantian approach

Despite remarkable efforts, it remains notoriously difficult to equip quantum theory with a coherent ontology. Hence, Healey (2017, 12) has recently suggested that “quantum theory has no physical ontology and states no facts about physical objects or events”, and Fuchs et al. (2014, 752) similarly hold that “quantum mechanics itself does not deal directly with the objective world”. While intriguing, these positions either raise the question of how talk of ‘physical reality’ can even remain meaningful, or they must ultimately embrace a hidden variables-view, in tension with their original project. I here offer a neo-Kantian alternative. In particular, I will show how constitutive elements in the sense of Reichenbach (1920) and Friedman (1999, 2001) can be identified within quantum theory, through considerations of symmetries that allow the constitution of a ‘quantum reality’, without invoking any notion of a radically mind-independent reality. The resulting conception will inherit elements from pragmatist and ‘QBist’ approaches, but also differ from them in crucial respects. Furthermore, going beyond the Friedmanian program, I will show how non-fundamental and approximate symmetries can be relevant for identifying constitutive principles.     

论口译教材编撰的困境与突破

口译是一门年轻的学科。口译教材是培养口译人才的关键着手点。我国目前的口译教材数量剧增,但是并没有质的提升。本文就口译教材编撰问题所面临的困境,根据哲学主义体验观和链接主义学习观,提出了突破困境的方法,即口译教材的音质化。     

建筑中的哲学意蕴

建筑中蕴涵着哲学,哲学对建筑有重要影响。哲学的任务是从具体事物中抽象出大观念。反映特定时代民众需求的大观念将成为一个时代共同的价值目标,影响着各个领域的实践。建筑师要为民众建构好的生活空间与环境,应当学会并喜欢抽象思维,善于在建筑设计中反映人们共同的价值诉求,善于从群体的生存境况中提炼建筑元素,做一个有深厚哲学造诣和人文情怀的建筑师。