The occurrence and function of the sphragis in the zerynthiine genera Zerynthia,Allancastria and Bhutanitis (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Papilionidae)

In some butterfly species males attach a large external mating plug termed a sphragis to the female abdomen during mating. This is derived from male accessory secretions and covers the female ostium bursae and surrounding areas, thus preventing or delaying remating. Specimens of all 12 species of the genera Zerynthia, Allancastria and Bhutanitis (Lepidoptera: papilionidae), which form a natural clade within the Zerynthiini, were examined for presence or absence of a sphragis and their male and female genitalia were studied. In all three genera female genitalia lack a typical sinus vaginalis and the sterigma is modified to form an exposed, shiny, well-sclerotized genital plate, derived from the fusion and expansion of the lamellae ante- and postvaginales. The exposed ostium bursae is situated near the posterior end of the genital plate in Zerynthia, whereas in Allancastria and Bhutanitis it is near the anterior end. A crude irregularly formed sphragis was found at least facultatively in all species. The sphragides of Zerynthia and Bhutanitis were generally poorly developed, in most cases only partially covering the female genital plate. In Allancastria the sphragis mostly covered the genital plate entirely, and generally incorporated numerous long scales derived from the male’s 8th abdominal segment; scales were sometimes sparse or absent, probably due to depletion from repeated matings by males. In Zerynthia, males lacked the dense terminal abdominal tuft of elongated scales found in Allancastria, and their sphragis lacked scales. The sphragis of Bhutanitis thaidina incorporated scales from the male valves, whereas in the B. lidderdalii sphragis (and probably B. ludlowi) the scales derived from the male’s 8th abdominal segment. The role of the scales and possible reasons for the difference in the development of the sphragis among these genera are discussed.     

河南蝶类3新记录种

记述河南蝶类新记录３种：黎桑瞿眼蝶Ｙｐｔｈｉｍａ ｌｉｓａｎｄｒａ，幺纹稻弄蝶Ｐａｒｎａｒａ ｎａｓｏ，南亚谷弄蝶Ｐｅｌｏｐｉｄａｓ ａｇｎａ。     

吉林省蝶类名录

根据吉林省蝶类调查结果，编制了吉林省蝶类名录，收录7科95属194种207亚种,同时记载了成虫出现时间、幼虫寄主及在省内大致的分布范围.     

玉泉北山蝶类(鳞翅目:锤角亚目Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera)

在1984年—1985年和1990年—1991年期间,采集鉴定了玉泉壮山的蝶类,共7科67种。     

吉林省石湖自然保护区蝶类资源的调查

于2001年至2003年间对吉林省石湖自然保护区的蝶类资源进行了调查，首次报导了蝶类8科86属134种；其中凤蝶科4属7种；绢蝶科1属2种；粉蝶科7属12种；眼蝶科12属18种；蛱蝶科27属53种；喙蝶科1属1种；灰蝶科20属22种；弄蝶科14属18种。对保护区蝶类的区系进行了分析，其中东洋种3科5属5种，占3．73％；古北种7科54属74种，占55．22％；东洋古北共有种7科30属49种，占36．57％；广布种3科4属6种，占4．48％。蝶类的垂直分布现象明显，100％的蝶类分布在红松针阔混交林带中，27．61％分布在针叶林带中，11．93％分布在岳桦林带中。成虫活动的时间主要在6～8月，其中7月为盛期。     

福州国家森林公园蝶类资源的研究

自1985年开始，经过近16a对福州国家森林公园蝶类的采集、饲养等系统讲究，共采集标本6000多号，经鉴定隶属10科、120属、204种；其中4种属于国家保护的珍稀蝶类。该园蝶类以东洋区系为主，占总数的62．25％。同时分析了蝶类的组成状况和种类资源较为丰富的原因，其中游客、游乐设施等人为干扰对蝶类种群有较大负面影响，并就蝶类资源的可持续开发利用提出了建议。     

莫干山、西天目山蝶类调查研究

１９９２年和１９９３年在（每年５—６月份），本文作者对浙江省德清县境内莫干山、临安县境内西天目山两地区的蝶类种类进行了调查，共发现有蝶类１０科８３种，其中西天目山８科５９种，莫干山８科６８种，本文结合两地区蝶类种类分布及自然生态环境，研究、讨论两地区蝶类相似程度及原因．     

江苏省蝶类名录及分布研究

通过对1995～2002年在江苏省各地采集的4500余号蝶类标本的鉴定，确定江苏省蝶类有178种，隶属于10科105属：包括凤蝶科9属20种，绢蝶科1属1种，粉蝶科7属17种，斑蝶科2属2种，眼蝶科11属23种，蛱蝶科27属42种，珍蝶科1属1种，喙蝶科1属1种，灰蝶科22属34种，弄蝶科24属37种。其中45种为江苏省新记录种。