The Jurassic-Cretaceous transition of Southern Sweden—palynological and sedimentological interpretation

Palynological studies on the Vitab?ck Clay help resolve the position of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in southern Sweden. Well-preserved assemblages of terrestrial pollen and spores, together with abundant algae (Botryococcus), and for the first time, dinoflagellates have been identified in the Vitab?ck Clay. A Berriasian age is corroborated for the Vitab?ck Clay based on the palynological data; the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary being placed around the contact of this unit with the underlying “Nytorp Sand”. The terrestrial vegetation was dominated by coniferous forest with an understorey of ferns in a warm, temperate climate. The palynoflora shows compositional similarities to the Northern Chinese Floral Province and especially the Jehol Group. The majority of the Vitab?ck Clay represents a moderate-to low-energy paralic succession. However, the basal part of the unit incorporates anomalously coarse material of mixed terrestrial and marine origin. This sedimentary package is herein interpreted to represent tsunami deposits and is similar to coeval tsunami-related deposits in France.     

我国沿海核电发展态势、致灾因素分析及研究建议

改革开放以来,我国经济社会发展迅速,能源需求日益增加,尤其是东部沿海人口和产业不断积聚,能源不足问题的严重性远远超过中西部,这总体上决定了我国已建和在建核电厂全部位于海岸带区域的基本特征.但是,东部沿海遭受地震、海啸、台风、风暴潮等灾害的威胁十分突出,2011年3月,日本东北部海域9.0级地震引发巨大海啸,并导致福岛核电站的核泄漏,这一重大事件在全球范围引发了对核电安全及其未来发展的深入思考和争论.因此,本文从全球核电发展与核安全形势出发,分析我国沿海核电发展的态势、环境条件以及致灾因素特征,进而,重点围绕核电选址安全评价与风险预测问题,有针对性地提出增进沿海核电安全的政策建议与重大科研任务建议.     

Assessment of damage to buildings and farms during the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> 9.0 earthquake and tsunami in Japan from remote sensing data

At 13:46 on March 11,2011(Beijing time),a great earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 occurred off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan(Tohoku Region).After the earthquake,the Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth(CEODE),Chinese Academy of Sciences,quickly launched a major disaster emergency response to assess the disaster.In this paper,we have extracted buildings and farms in the heavily devastated area that includes Iwate,Miyagi,and Fukushima Prefectures,based on multi-spectral remote sensing data.We have assessed building damage by overlaying seismic intensity and building distributions.In addition,we have assessed the extent of building and farm damage caused by the tsunami through the establishment of a tsunami impact assessment model that is based on terrain and distance from the coastline.The results were partially verified by high-resolution images obtained after the disaster.The results show that about 76% of buildings in Miyagi Prefecture were affected by seismic intensity 6 and above,with 24% of the buildings and 12% of the farms destroyed by the tsunami.These huge losses were echoes at lesser amounts in Fukushima and Iwate.The results provide the support of basic data,which can be further developed by economic and social aspects of the disaster assessment.     

印度洋海啸及其启示

着重阐述了地震海啸与其他地震次生灾害相比的特殊性,提出了“海震”的概念,并指出了印度洋海啸对今后抗震救灾工作的启示。     

SeisComP3地震监测软件系统及其在海啸预警系统建设中的应用

 SeisComP3 软件系统是近些年发展起来的一款免费的、部分开源的地震实时监测与自动处理系统。根据地震监测、大地震海啸预警等工作需求,本研究组应用SeisComP3 系统提供的实用工具进行辅助功能开发,实现地震数据的实时汇集、共享与自动处理,为大地震海啸预警提供及时、可靠的地震基本参数。同时,基于SeisComP3 系统地震自动定位结果和实时波形数据,应用W 震相方法快速反演海啸强震震源机制解,为海啸数据模拟程序提供实际发震断层面参数解,提高后续海啸数值预报的准确性。实际应用表明：SeisComP3 软件系统为海啸业务提供了重要的数据保障和科技支撑,促进了海啸预警预报工作的发展。     

气候变化与海平面上升及其对海啸灾害的影响

综述了20世纪全球和中国气候变化的事实,预估了21世纪地表气温的可能变化,分析了由于气候变化引起的海平面上升和红树林、珊瑚礁等沿海生态系统被破坏的现状和未来演变趋势,重点分析了气候变化与海平面上升对海啸灾害的影响,并提出了对策措施。     

Patterns of coral damage associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park,Thailand

On 26 December 2004, a severe earthquake in Sumatra caused a series of tsunami waves to strike southwestern coastal areas of Thailand. In this study, we investigated the patterns of tsunami‐related damage to coral reefs at Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park. The results showed that the percent of damaged corals ranged from 7.2% to 39.7% of the total live coral cover, and the intensity of the coral damage was high at depths deeper than 10 metres at most study sites. In addition, massive and tabulate coral forms were the most susceptible to tsunami damage. The surveys also revealed that a high degree of coral damage occurred where the reef slope gradually dropped away from the shoreline. Therefore, coral communities and coastal profiles can be major factors influencing the movement of the currents generated by the tsunami and consequently may affect the pattern of coral damage by the tsunami.     

国产HJ小卫星遥感影像多特征融合用于日本海啸灾情快速监测

 针对特大地震和海啸灾害的特点与灾情监测的需求,设计和构建了一种基于多特征决策级融合的灾情快速变化检测方法,首先利用遥感影像中提取的NDVI、主成分变换分量、独立成分变换分量等特征分别提取变化信息,然后对多种变化信息进行决策级融合,获得具有更高可靠性的变化图,用于灾情分析。将所设计的方法用于国产环境与灾害监测预报小卫星HJ-1A/B数据处理分析,对日本东部沿海区域海啸灾害前后进行变化检测与灾情信息提取试验,有效地检测了海啸灾害后的海水倒灌区域、陆地积水区、植被淹没区以及建筑受损区等变化区域。研究表明,基于多源特征融合的非监督变化检测流程可以快速、有效地提取海啸受灾区域,为灾害应急响应与灾情评估提供支持。     

Numerical simulation of March 11, 2011 Honshu, Japan tsunami

In order to predict tsunami hazards through numerical simulation,by using the focal mechanisms as well as fault parameters of Japan’s 2011 Tohoku Earthquake provided by National Geological Survey(referred to as USGS),we proposed a numerical model to simulate the Honshu,Japan tsunami.Numerical computing is conducted to investigate the security along the coast.We also analyzed the simulation results and distribution of tsunami disaster,trying to achieve a more reasonable tsunami warning program.Our numerical model is composed of simulation of surface deformation after the earthquake and the tsunami propagation process which is based on two dimensional shallow water equations.The simulation results show the characteristics of the tsunami propagation,and arrival times on recorder points are consistent with tsunami observation.This model can be applied to evaluate the security of the coastal area and obtain more accurate tsunami warning.     

港湾对地震津波的响应

应用长波方程以时域方式给出任意形状和地形港湾对地震津波响应的计算方法，以等深和变深矩形港池对规则长波和地震津波的入射为例进行了计算，前者的结果与已有文献；后者的结果表明在由深变浅的入港口处可出现潮涌大波。