火烧对栗斑腹鵐巢址选择的影响

通过对灌丛化草原中火烧和未烧样地内环境因子的测定和多元总体的假设检验,比较了两个样地内不同样方组间的特异性和各变量差异程度.结果表明山杏高度和数量、贝加尔针茅密度、大油芒密度、兴安胡枝子高度、火绒草高度和植被盖度这7个因子属于栗斑腹巢址选择的重要因素.火烧不仅清除了枯草及其中的食物,而且减弱或破坏了这些因素对栗斑腹巢址选择的作用,从而给其繁殖带来灾难性的破坏.     

关于白盒测试基本方法的分析

对软件白盒测试的基本方法进行分析,计算机程序有顺序、选择、循环3种基本结构。根据3种基本结构的组合方式,程序又可以分为基本结构、嵌套结构和连锁结构。对于嵌套结构程序,可以使用基本路径测试法进行测试,对于连锁选择结构,可以抽取部分路径进行测试;对于连锁循环结构,则需根据循环是否独立来确定具体测试方法。     

一类CSL代数的插值问题

设Ｌ为Ｈｉｂｅｒｔ空产是Ｈ中的子空间格。给定Ｘ，Ｙ∈Ｂ（Ｘ），何时必有算子Ａ∈ａｌｇＬ，使得ＡＸ＝Ｙ？本文在一类ＣＳＬ代数中讨论该问题。本文推广了「５」和「７」中的一些结果，并有新的结论。     

Von Neumann代数中套子代数的双边模

讨论了因子ＶｏｎＮｅｕｍａｎｎ代数中套子代数的双边模的结构．证明了自反双边模的表达形式为｛Ｔ∈Ｍ：（Ｉ－φ（Ｐ））ＴＰ＝０，Ｐ∈β｝，其中φ是由套β到自身的序同态．研究了由套β到自身的序同态的结构，得到了因子ＶｏｎＮｅｕｍａｎｎ代数中套子代数的自反双边模Ｕφ的模换位是λＩ＋Ｕφ     

双枝模糊集并-表现定理

建立了双枝模糊集并-表现定理，讨论了双枝模糊集的运算性质.结果表明：双枝模糊集表现定理是单枝模糊集表现定理的一般形式，单枝模糊集表现定理是双枝模糊集表现定理的特例.     

Cichlid familial intrarelationships and the placement of the neotropical genus Cichla (Perciformes,Labroidei)

The current status of our understanding of cichlid intrafamilial relationships is investigated and novel data are presented resolving a basal trichotomy of the African and Neotropical radiations (Oliver, 1985). The claim that the African Cichlidae is non-monophyletic is supported and the little known Zairean genus Heterochromis is identified as the sistergroup of all other African and Neotropical Cichlidae combined. Throughout the study emphasis has been placed upon the resolution of the precise phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Neotropical genus, Cichla; a taxon whose placement has been thought critical for successful intra-familial analyses. Analysis of the evidence currently available argues strongly in favour of a close phylogenetic relationship between Cichla and the sisterpair, Crenicichla and Teleocichla. Given this phylogenetic scheme one of the most interesting aspects to arise is the striking morphological parallels between Cichla and many of its distantly related percoid relatives.     

Spawning behaviour of Engystomops pustulatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

Foam nests have evolved independently in several amphibian groups as an adaptive response to prevent predation and desiccation in dry environments. Nests are normally laid on ponds, or in underground galleries, humid forest leaf litter or terrestrial bromeliads. They are built when males or females beat a foam precursor associated with the egg masses extruded by the female. The spawning process requires the synchronic actions of the mating pair to obtain a hemispheric nest that protects the offspring. Herein, we describe the spawning behaviour of Engystomops pustulatus based on videos from 13 nesting couples from the lowlands of western Ecuador. Three variables were measured as indicators of male effort: duration of mixing events, duration of resting periods, and number of kicks per mixing event. We consider that not only male physical effort but also female behaviour influences nest structure. We suggest that nest building requires prolonged and intense physical activity by the male as well as the female’s steady position during spawning and female’s oviposition site selection. Nest building has two phases. In the first phase, the duration of resting periods, the duration of mixing events, and the number of kicks increase and are highly variable. During the second phase the three variables stabilise until the end. The volume of the nest increased mainly during the second phase. In four nesting events we observed kicking movements by the female. To our knowledge, this is the first time that female kicking has been observed in leptodactylid frogs. The function of this behaviour is unknown but our observations suggest that it may be triggered by insufficient male effort. Traditionally, female mate choice in Engystomops has been explained under models of indirect benefits exclusively. We argue that the prolonged male activity during nesting could influence female fitness directly. This will allow the operation of sexual selection via direct benefits.     

Nest architecture in polydomous grass-cutting ants (Acromyrmex balzani)

Acromyrmex balzani is a grass-cutting ant species frequently found in Cerrado areas. However, little is known about the architecture of the polydomous nests of this ant. Fifteen A. balzani nests located in a cerrado region in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, were studied. The polydomous nests were studied in three ways. First, we investigated the architecture in nests moulded with cement and without moulding. Second, we performed an aggressiveness test among workers in different subnests and nests. Third, we excavated the nest and collected the colony to measure the population, verifying the existence or not of a queen in all nests. A cement mould was made of seven nests to permit better visualization of internal structures such as chambers and tunnels. Eight nests were excavated without moulding and white neutral talc was used to highlight the parts of the nests. After excavation, the depth and dimensions (length, width and height) of the chambers were measured. The results showed that the nests had a single entrance hole whose structure consisted of straw and other plant residues in winter. Mounds of loose soil, if present, were found 6–48 cm from the hole. The number of chambers containing fungus ranged from one to five, with the first being found a few centimetres beneath the ground surface (4 cm) and the last up to a maximum depth of 160 cm. The length of the tunnels ranged from 12 to 28 cm. These tunnels were built in a vertical or inclined position, leading to the chambers. No waste chambers were found, with the waste being deposited externally. Additionally, the polydomous nests contained one to eight subnests. In the aggressiveness test, when concolonial workers were confronted, no aggressiveness was observed. In contrast, when allocolonial workers were confronted, there was a high incidence of aggression among them. Excavation of polydomous nests showed only one queen for each polydomous nest, i.e. subnests with a single queen. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the so far unknown nest architecture of the polydomous grass-cutting ant A. balzani.     

关爱“空巢老人”——社区图书馆亟待关注的社会课题

随着社会的发展,我国的老龄化问题越来越严重,尤其是＂空巢＂老人的问题更是值得人们关注。针对＂空巢＂老人的问题,分析了社区图书馆为空巢老人服务的必要性,提出了社区图书馆开展人性化服务的对策措施。     

Carton nest building and trophobiont manipulation in the south-east Asian ant Dolichoderus sulcaticeps (Mayr 1870) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Dolichoderus sulcaticeps, a rare canopy living dolichoderine ant, was studied in the rainforest of Malaysia. It forms large polycalyc colonies comprising partial nests on trees and climbers. The three dimensional multichambered partial nests are situated on the leaf underside. Fibrous nest material is gathered from the surface of the nesting plants and soaked with water from the plant surface. Building activity, therefore, is strictly dependent on the presence of rainfall or dew. Within the cell with plant leaf surface contact, as well as on free feeding sites, non specific coccid and membracid throphobionts, are tended. Free feeding sites are permanently protected. Mealybugs are transported between existing and new free feeding sites, as well as to and from nest pavilions, especially during their construction or destruction. Prey hunting has not been observed in D. sulcaticeps. The workers, however, recruit to offered dead prey, and scavenged. During the day they were permanently on the surface of plants around their nests and feeding sites.