钙稳态失衡与细胞凋亡的研究现状

细胞胞浆钙离子浓度必须处于严格的范围，一旦钙稳态失调将导致细胞损伤或死亡．本文主要从外界因素引起钙稳态失调导致细胞死亡的作用、直接钙稳态失调所致的细胞死亡效应及钙离子在细胞凋亡中的作用等方面作一综述。     

Initiation of cancer and other diseases by catechol ortho-quinones: a unifying mechanism

Exposure to estrogens is a risk factor for breast and other human cancers. Initiation of breast, prostate and other cancers has been hypothesized to result from reaction of specific estrogen metabolites, catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, with DNA to form depurinating adducts at the N-7 of guanine and N-3 of adenine by 1,4-Michael addition. The catechol of the carcinogenic synthetic estrogen hexestrol, a hydrogenated derivative of diethylstilbestrol, is metabolized to its quinone, which reacts with DNA to form depurinating adducts at the N-7 of guanine and N-3 of adenine. The catecholamine dopamine and the metabolite catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) of the leukemogen benzene can also be oxidized to their quinones, which react with DNA to form predominantly analogous depurinating adducts. Apurinic sites formed by depurinating adducts are converted into tumor-initiating mutations by error-prone repair. These mutations could initiate cancer by estrogens and benzene, and Parkinson's disease by the neurotransmitter dopamine. These data suggest a unifying molecular mechanism of initiation for many cancers and neurodegenerative diseases and lay the groundwork for designing strategies to assess risk and prevent these diseases. Received 4 September 2001; received after revision 28 November 2001; accepted 2 December 2001     

Changes in calpastatin localization and expression during calpain activation: a new mechanism for the regulation of intracellular Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-dependent proteolysis

The amount of calpastatin directly available in cytosol is under the control of [Ca²⁺] and [cyclic AMP]. Prolonged calpain activation also promotes degradation of calpastatin. The fluctuation of calpastatin concentration in cell soluble fraction is accompanied by an initial decrease in calpastatin gene expression, followed by a fivefold increase in its expression when the inhibitor protein is degraded. This process can be conceptualized as a mechanism to regulate calpastatin availability in the cell. This conclusion is supported by the fact that calpain, the other component of this proteolytic system, undergoes changes in its levels of expression in a much more limited manner. Furthermore, this process can be observed both in cells exposed to different natural stimuli, or in other cell lines. Modification of calpastatin gene expression might represent a new tool for the in vivo control of the regulatory machinery required for the modulation of Ca²⁺-dependent proteolysis.Received 18 July 2003; received after revision 3 September 2003; accepted 23 September 2003     

关于过沸液的研究

用动态平衡研究过沸问题,推出了由初始小气泡的半径确定过沸液沸点的严格方程式,并给出解这一复杂方程的准确快捷方法.这一方面澄清了教科书中关于过沸液的某些模糊认识,同时为有效预防过沸现象提供了理论依据.     

加快城市土地整理 促进耕地总量动态平衡

土地整理是实现耕地总量动态平衡的一个重要手段 ,目前我国对农地整理较多 ,而对城市土地整理却重视不足 .加快城市土地整理 ,有利于促进耕地总量动态平衡 .针对我国城市用地中存在的一些问题 ,提出了有关城市土地整理的具体措施 ,以实现经济、社会、生态的可持续发展 .     

燃烧我的卡路里——产热脂肪的前世今生

肥胖为能量摄入与消耗失衡引起的脂肪过度堆积，是糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、脂肪肝和心血管疾病等代谢综合征的重大风险因素。脂肪作为防治肥胖与代谢性疾病的重要组织靶点，分为储存能量的白色脂肪以及产热并消耗能量的棕色和米色脂肪。研究发现，成年人体内的棕色和米色脂肪含量与机体能量代谢呈正相关，而与BMI和血糖呈负相关，提示激活人体棕色和米色脂肪产热在改善肥胖和胰岛素抵抗方面的重大潜力。文章讲述了棕色和米色脂肪细胞的发育起源、解剖学特征以及调控其发育和产热功能的各种因素。总而言之，棕色和米色脂肪作为治疗肥胖的靶标既具有巨大潜力，又面临着巨大挑战。     

训练强度核心地位的内稳态探析

运动训练的本质是施加在运动员机体上的刺激,其目的是提升运动员机能水平。这要求运动员机体的系统机能水平达到新的内稳态平台。期待机体形成的内稳态平台发生跃迁,就必须突破原有内稳态的平衡。在这个突破过程中,采用较前期强度更大的超常规训练是提升运动员内稳态品质的关键。