药用蜘蛛养殖技术研究

本文介绍了蜘蛛的药用价值与生物学特性,详细分析了蜘蛛的人工养殖及饲养管理技术,还对蜘蛛的疾病防治及蜘蛛的采收与加工做了深入的讨论。     

Microhabitat selection in the sand recluse spider (Sicarius thomisoides): the effect of rock size and temperature

In spiders, temperature is considered an important environmental variable for microhabitat selection. In this study, we evaluated the effect of temperature and rock size on the presence of the sand recluse spider Sicarius thomisoides and the degree of selectivity in different locations. This species is a large spider that lives under rocks in desert and semi-desert climates and is particularly active during the summer. In Chile, these spiders can be found at both coastal and inland locations under different thermal conditions, where usually the temperatures are lower near the coast. If large-scale climatic conditions are important for this species, they may be expected to select lower rock temperatures on the coast than at inland locations. In addition, we would expect that the spiders would choose larger rocks in inland compared to coast locations, which reduce the effect of high temperatures. We found that the probability of finding individuals of this species increased according to rock temperature and rock size in the field. Our results suggest that S. thomisoides prefers larger and warmer rocks to shelter under during the day, this selectivity being similar at both coastal and inland locations. Thus, this species tends to select rocks with the same thermal and structural conditions, independent of the climatic conditions.     

Host selection by a kleptoparasitic spider

Argyrodes globosus (Keyserling, 1884) is a small kleptoparasite spider that steals prey from the web of web-building spiders. In coffee plantations in the south of Mexico it was observed to parasitize five species: Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linnaeus, 1785) and Verrucosa arenata (Walckenaer, 1841) (Araneidae), Leucauge mariana (Keyserling, 1881) and Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer, 1841) (morphologically indistinguishable species) and Leucauge argyra (White, 1841) (Tetragnathidae). G. cancriformis was more frequently parasitized than the other hosts. An analysis of web diameter for each host species indicated that for L. mariana/venusta, L. argyra and V. arenata the kleptoparasite was associated with webs of a certain size range (23-33cm diameter) although a far larger range of web sizes was available (17-50cm diameter). The average size of the web of G. cancriformis (~23cm) appeared to be close to the preferred size for the kleptoparasite and this, together with an apparent absence of host aggression, may explain the prevalence of A. globosus with this host. For the parasite, web size choice may involve a tradeoff among diverse factors including prey capture rate, ease of access to the web and aggressive behaviour by the host.     

中国狂蛛类平腹蛛

狂蛛类平腹蛛是平腹科中一个非正式类群,其特征是第三、四足后跗节远端腹面有一个由细刺排列组成的清理梳.本文记述中国平腹蛛科类4属25种:狂蛛属17种,近狂蛛属6种,粗狂蛛属和尾狂蛛属各1种.文内对属和种的鉴别特征均有简要描述,并附外雌器和触肢图,以利读者鉴别.文中还对这类蜘蛛的地理分布也增补了新的资料.     

A somatotopic organization of leg afferents in the spiderCupiennius salei Keys. (Araneae,Ctenidae)

Summary Axonal anterograde degeneration after ablation of different leg segments of the spiderCupiennius salei was traced using LM-and EM-methods. The pattern of degeneration seen in cross sections of the leg nerves close to their entry into the subesophageal ganglion shows a somatotopic organization of afferents within the leg nerves coming from different leg segments. All afferents run through the ventral part of the nerve.Acknowledgment. We thank Dr E.A. Seyfarth for helpful discussions. Parts of the study were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (W.G., SFB45/A1).     

Red Spider多媒体网络教室的组建

以合作民族师专计算机实验室的改建为例,如何利用Redspider软件将原有的普通计算机实验室改建为经济实惠、能够实现多种功能的多媒体网络教室。     

A troublesome sibling species complex of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) revisited

The complex of species resembling Megaselia pulicaria (Fallén) has proved to be one of the most troublesome challenges to attempts to resolve the recognition of species within the huge genus Megaselia Rondani. The new data presented allow more confident recognition of species and reveal that most published records represent misidentifications. The penis complex is discussed and its use in species identification demonstrated. All specimens currently assigned to M. pulicaria, other than the lectotype, are consequently reassigned to other species. These include the reinstatement of M. angusta (Wood) and its newly designated subspecies M. angusta angustina Schmitz, M. eupygis Schmitz, M. longifurca (Lundbeck) and M. monochaeta (Strobl) as valid species, and the recognition of M. buchsi sp. nov. from Germany, M. iberiensis sp. nov. from Spain, M. martensi sp. nov. from Nepal, M. nectergata sp. nov. from Britain, M. oviaraneae sp. nov. from Britain, and M. rotundapicis sp. nov. from Scotland. Five synonyms are proposed. The hitherto unknown male of M. petraea Schmitz is described. It and M. longifurca are reported from Britain and the latter from the Nearctic Region also. Natural history information is summarized for each species. In particular, it is reported that the species whose larvae prey upon spider eggs are M. angusta, M. longifurca and M. oviaraneae.     

An unusual new species of Trechona (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae), from quartzitic caves of the Diamantina Plateau,Minas Gerais,Brazil, with a key to the known species

Trechona diamantina sp. nov. is described from quartzite caves in Diamantina, central Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This represents the largest cavernicolous mygalomorph population ever recorded. The new species is the first Trechona recorded from a xeric habitat, namely the Rocky Fields on the Diamantina Plateau. T. diamantina sp. nov. is closely related to T. uniformis, both species possessing elongated male and female copulatory organs and both constructing distinct funnel-webs and sheet-webs in quartzite formations. T. diamantina sp. nov. is distinct in possessing less elongated embolus and receptacula seminis. A key for all valid species of the genus is given.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EB9E66B3-4701-470C-A80D-873E25F52042     

Pharmacologically active spider peptide toxins

Advances in mass spectrometry and peptide biochemistry coupled to modern methods in electrophysiology have permitted the isolation and identification of numerous novel peptide toxins from animal venoms in recent years. These advances have also opened up the field of spider venom research, previously unexplored due to methodological limitations. Many peptide toxins from spider venoms share structural features, amino acid composition and consensus sequences that allow them to interact with related classes of cellular receptors. They have become increasingly useful agents for the study of voltage-sensitive and ligand-gated ion channels and the discrimination of their cellular subtypes. Spider peptide toxins have also been recognized as useful agents for their antimicrobial properties and the study of pore formation in cell membranes. Spider peptide toxins with nanomolar affinities for their receptors are thus promising pharmacological tools for understanding the physiological role of ion channels and as leads for the development of novel therapeutic agents and strategies for ion channel-related diseases. Their high insecticidal potency can also make them useful probes for the discovery of novel insecticide targets in the insect nervous system or for the development of genetically engineered microbial pesticides.Received 19 March 2003; received after revision 9 May 2003; accepted 16 May 2003