苔藓植物与环境重金属污染监测研究进展

苔藓植物对重金属的敏感性与耐受性使其成为良好的生物监测指示植物，它不仅可以监测大气污染、土壤污染还可用于监测水体污染，其体内重金属的累积量还可以准确直观地反映出污染的强度与程度。笔结合环境监测的几个案例说明了近年来国内外苔藓监测指示污染的研究现状，指出了苔藓植物作为环境污染监测与生物修复材料的应用前景。     

海洋石油开发污染物生物监测中实验动物的筛选和应用

实验动物研究的滞后是制约我国海洋环境监测的重要因素之一 ,为了促进水生实验动物的发展 ,本文综述了国内外对海洋石油勘探开发污染物的生物监测现状及实验动物应用的进展 ,重点讨论适合我国国情的海洋石油勘探开发污染的监测动物的筛选 ,为水生实验动物的开发和利用提供资料。     

Ecological functioning of free-living marine nematodes in coastal wetlands: an overview

Nematodes are small multicellular, thread-like organisms, inhabiting almost all conceivable environments; among these, some 25 % are free-living marine forms with a population density of （1-12） × 10^6 inds m^-2 in seabed sediment, reaching maximum values in muddy estuaries and salt marshes. A large quantity of carbon from the salt marsh plants enters the ecosystem via the detritus pathway, in which nematodes play an important role through their feeding and bioturbation activities. Vegetation influences the sedimentary environment and modifies the distribution pattern of nematode communities in coastal wetlands. Nematodes are coupled closely with bacteria/detritus in microbial food webs, stimulating bacterial growth and subsequent nutrient remineralization; they provide food sources for higher trophic levels and serve as a linkage between micro- and macro-fauna. Furthermore, nematodes have a potential to provide proxies that can be used in diagnosing environmental quality. In China, only a limited number of nematode data sets are available for the coastal wetlands across several different climatic zones. It is necessary to carry out additional investigations into the biology and ecology of nematodes in order to delineate their ecological functioning in coastal wetlands. On such a basis, the contribution made by nematodes to material cycling and the ecological functioning in coastal wetlands can be quantified. The assessment of their biological diversity should be a focus, which is fundamental in the study of wetland ecosystem dynamic mechanisms. In addition to laboratory and mesocosm experiments, mathematical models should be established to predict the responses of ecosystem to the environmental disturbance. Finally, it is necessary to improve the techniques for nematode analysis, to enhance the efficiency of data acquisition.     

苔藓植物在环境中的的监测指示作用

苔藓是最敏感的环境指示植物之一,利用苔藓植物可以监测指示大气污染,识别污染源,揭示大气沉降随时间的变化规律,并反映大气污染的时空变化格局,进而评价不同地区的环境状况变化;也可以用苔藓来指示重金属污染和矿藏。综述了苔藓植物对大气污染、重金属污染和矿藏的的监测指示作用。     

Human bodies as chemical sensors: A history of biomonitoring for environmental health and regulation

The testing of human blood and urine for signs of chemical exposure has become the “gold standard” of environmental public health, leading to ongoing population studies in the US and Europe. Such methods first emerged over a century ago in medical and occupational contexts, as a means to calibrate drug doses for patients and prevent injury to workers from chemical or radiation exposure. This paper analyzes how human bodies have come to serve as unconscious sensors of their environments: containers of chemical information determined by expert testers. As seen in the case of lead testing in the US, these bodily traces of contaminants can provide compelling evidence about dangerous exposures in everyday life, useful in achieving stronger regulation of industry. The use of genetic testing of workers by Dow Chemical provides an example of industry itself undertaking biomonitoring, though the company discontinued the program at the same time its studies indicated chromosomal damage in connection with occupational exposure to certain chemicals. In this case and others, biomonitoring raises complex questions about informing subjects, interpreting exposure in the many cases for which health effects at low doses are unknown, and who should take responsibility for protection, compensation, or remediation. Further, the history of biomonitoring complicates how we understand human ‘experience’ of the global environment by pointing to the role of non-sensory—yet detectable—bodily exposures.     

Assessment of urinary concentration of cotinine in Chinese pregnant women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke

Environmental tobacco smoke （ETS） is a well- known reason of many adverse health consequences in pregnant women. Exposure of ETS during pregnancy may increase the risk of some fetal diseases in pregnant women and/or birth defects in neonates. Many countries have implemented laws to control smoking and free of second hand smoke in all enclosed workplaces. In China, anti- smoking law was enforced in March 2010. We aimed to assess the exposure of pregnant women to cotinine after anti-smoking law was implemented in China. The urine samples were collected from 2,100 volunteers from Zhejiang Province, China and urinary concentration of cotinine was measured using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Cotinine was detected in 87 % of the pregnant women. The GM and 95th percentile concentration in pregnant women were 4.28 and 44.00 μg/L, respectively. Similarly, the GM and 95th concentration of cotinine were significantly higher in smoking group than in non-smoking group （P 〈 0.0001）. Our results indicate that pregnant women in China are at the high risk of exposure ETS. Further attempts are required to make strategies to find out the sources of ETS exposure and prevent smoking at public places especially during pregnancy.