Saving the Strong Programme? A critique of David Bloor’s recent work

This article critically appraises David Bloor’s recent attempts to refute criticisms levelled at the Strong Programme’s social constructionist approach to scientific knowledge. Bloor has tried to argue, contrary to some critics, that the Strong Programme is not idealist in character, and it does not involve a challenge to the credibility of scientific knowledge. I argue that Bloor’s attempt to deflect the charge of idealism, which calls on the self-referential theory of social institutions, is partially successful. However, I suggest that although the Strong Programme should not be accused of ‘strong idealism’, it is still vulnerable to the criticism that it entails a form of ‘weak idealism’. The article moves on to argue that, contrary to Bloor, constructionist approaches do challenge the credibility of the scientific knowledge that they analyse. I conclude the article by arguing that sociological analyses of scientific knowledge can be conducted without the weak idealism and the credibility-challenging assumptions of the Strong Programme approach.     

"自然之德"抑或"人为之德"--休谟正义论的德性解读

正义问题已成为现代人类生活关注的焦点之一。本文的主导性目的在于从休谟对正义问题的阐释出发，论述休谟视野中的正义的根本特征。文章分为两个部分。第一部分以休谟的文本为依据，梳理休谟对正义的规定性的哲学阐释；第二部分从休谟的论述出发，结合亚里士多德和密尔的相关论述，对正义的本质特征做出一个尝试性的描述和勾勒。     

Lewis酸的F_A标度及其应用

Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸的电负性（ｘＬ）和原子势（Ｚ／ｒｃ）是影响Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸硬软度（ＦＡ）的主要因素,本文给出了它们之间的数学关系式．根据ＦＡ值大小,把Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸分成三类,这与Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ分类基本一致．用最小二乘法成功地建立ＦＡ与配合物的ｌｇＫｆ的线性回归方程,均通过Ｆ检验．     

水下航行器附连水质量的理论及实验研究

以二维无限长圆柱在水下的垂向振动为例,对其有限区域的不可压缩流场进行分析;通过数值计算并借鉴刘易斯法,分析了水域宽度比、水深比和浸没深度比等无量纲参数对刚体附连水质量的影响;提出了水下航行器附连水质量的快速预测公式.结果表明:刚性壁面可使刚体的附连水质量增大,但当刚体与壁面的距离增加到一定程度(截面半径的5倍)时,刚性壁面的影响可以忽略;自由表面可使刚体的附连水质量减小,当刚体与自由表面的距离达到截面半径的6倍时,可以忽略自由表面的影响;当刚体的垂向运动频率较高或刚体与自由表面的距离较大时,可以认为自由表面的速度势为零.     

Causes as proximate events: Thomas Brown and the Positivist interpretation of Hume on causality

A neglected episode in the intellectual history of the Scottish Enlightenment, Thomas Brown’s philosophy has been recently reassessed and reconnected with the emergence of the Positivist interpretation of David Hume. In fact, aiming to defend Hume’s philosophy from the common charges of atheism and scepticism, Brown popularised an interpretation of Humean texts which was later to become the standard view on Hume. In this essay, I aim to identify Brown’s historical sources and connect his reading of Hume with the medical discussion on causality.     

戴维·洛奇小说中的电影艺术

英国文坛的常青树戴维.洛奇不仅在小说创作和小说评论方面颇有建树,而且在戏剧、电视、电影方面也有所涉猎,因此他深谙戏剧和电影的艺术表现手法,并在自己的小说创作中多有运用;他充分发挥了小说兼容并包的特点,引入蒙太奇、影视脚本、电影场景等影视表现手法为己所用,使文字媒介达到了动态视觉艺术的效果,使现代小说艺术得到了发展和超越。     

TiO2纳米管的改性及光助催化性能研究

利用水热法制备了两种TiO2纳米管催化剂，用不同浓度硫酸对制备得到的TiO2纳米管进行酸化。结合XRD、SEM、TEM、DRS等手段对制备得到的样品进行物理结构和表面特性分析。结果表明，水热法制备得到的TiO2纳米管径为15nm左右，壁厚2—3nm，长度为40-100nm。以酸性橙Ⅱ为目标物考察了TiO2纳米管及其被硫酸酸化过的TiO2纳米管在石英玻璃反应器的光催化氧化性能。结果表明，在相同的条件下酸化的TiO2纳米管催化活性要远远高于未酸化的TiO2纳米管，这可能是因为S—O键具有很强的诱导效应，使得表面Ti^4＋的Lewis酸性增强，使光生电子一空穴对的分离效率提高，促进光催化反应的进行，即提高了TiO2纳米管的光催化性能。     

‘Good Sense’ in context: A response to Kidd

In his response to my (2010), Ian Kidd claims that my argument against Stump’s interpretation of Duhem’s concept of ‘good sense’ is unsound because it ignores an important distinction within virtue epistemology. In light of the distinction between reliabilist and responsibilist virtue epistemology, Kidd argues that Duhem can be seen as supporting the latter, which he further illustrates with a discussion of Duhem’s argument against ‘perfect theory’. I argue that no substantive argument is offered to show that the distinction is relevant and can establish that Duhem’s ‘good sense’ can be understood within responsibilist virtue epistemology. I furthermore demonstrate that Kidd’s attempt to support his contention relies on a crucial misreading of Duhem’s general philosophy of science, and in doing so highlight the importance of understanding ‘good sense’ in its original context, that of theory choice.     

Pierre Duhem’s epistemic aims and the intellectual virtue of humility: a reply to Ivanova

David Stump (2007) has recently argued that Pierre Duhem can be interpreted as a virtue epistemologist. Stump’s claims have been challenged by Milena Ivanova (2010) on the grounds that Duhem’s ‘epistemic aims’ are more modest than those of virtue epistemologists. I challenge Ivanova’s criticism of Stump by arguing that she not distinguish between ‘reliabilist’ and ‘responsibilist’ virtue epistemologies. Once this distinction is drawn, Duhem clearly emerges as a ‘virtue-responsibilist’ in a way that complements Ivanova’s positive proposal that Duhem’s ‘good sense’ reflects a conception of the ‘ideal scientist’. I support my proposal that Duhem is a ‘virtue-responsibilist’ by arguing that his rejection of the possibility of our producing a ‘perfect theory’ reflects the key responsibilist virtue of ‘intellectual humility’.     

稻粉虱Aleurooybotus indicus种群系统动态的模糊聚类分析

本文应用模糊聚类分析方法对稻粉虱Aleurooybotus indicus David of Subramanias种群系统动态进行模糊聚类分析,模糊聚类分析结果表明,在置信水平0.9640≤λi<0.9880的情况下,该种群系统分为6个亚系统:SS1、SS2、SS3、SS4、SS5和SS6。文中对各个亚系统的动态规律进行特征描述,以期为稻粉虱的综合防治提供理论依据。