“20%的概率获得蛋糕”=“获得蛋糕的20%”?检验风险决策的期望法则假设

风险决策主流理论以期望法则的计算为核心假设,认为决策者需要进行"加权求和"的期望值计算过程.为检验这一基本假设,本研究采用相同的视觉材料设计了两类任务:将"%"看成"概率"的概率决策任务(风险决策)和将"%"看成"比例"的比例决策任务(计算决策).两任务均要求被试选择自己偏好的选项.考虑到被试在比例决策任务中须执行"加权求和"的期望值计算,方能使其收益最大化,我们推测,若被试在概率决策任务中也是根据"加权求和"规则做出决策,我们应当会发现影响"期望值计算"的诸因素(如计算难度、算术能力)同时影响两类任务.结果发现:计算难度和算术能力只影响比例决策任务绩效(其反应时更长,基于期望值选择的比例更高),但不影响概率决策任务绩效.相反,与"期望值计算"无关的"概率能力"和"感觉寻求人格"只影响概率决策任务绩效,但不影响比例决策任务绩效.该结果表明,概率能力和人格对风险决策的行为绩效起调节作用,人们在风险决策中可能并未按照期望法则的精确计算方式做出决策.期望法则家族理论将"加权求和"结果作为人类风险偏好的单一指数,或许是一种人为创造的错误指数.     

Formation age and tectonic environment of the Gantaohe Group, North China Craton: Geology, geochemistry, SHRIMP zircon geochronology and Hf-Nd isotopic systematics

The Gantaohe Group is an important early Precambrian unit in the Trans-North China Orogen,North China Craton,and is mainly composed of greenschist-facies metabasalt,meta-sandstone and dolomitic marble.We report whole-rock geochemical compositions and SHRIMP zircon ages as well as LA-ICP-MS Hf-in-zircon isotopeic analyses for metabasalts from the Gantaohe Group.SHRIMP dating yielded a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 2087±16 Ma(MSWD=1.3) for magmatic zircons,but there are also abundant ca.2.5 Ga inherited zircon xenocrysts.The magmatic zircons shows a large Hf(t) variation in Hf(t) from 7.17 to +0.45,suggesting an isotopically highly heterogeneous source for the metabasalt.Chemically all samples show no distinct Zr or Hf anomalies,and some samples show no Nd or Ta anomalies in a primitive mantle-normalized trace element variation diagram,and their whole-rock Nd(t) values range from 4.0 to 0.8.We suggest that the basalt is formed by partial melting of a depleted mantle source,followed by significant crustal contamination.Field observations,the presence of abundant inherited zircon,as well as isotope and trace elements geochemistry support formation of the Gantaohe Group on top of a continental basement.These data and the regional geology lead us to conclude that the Trans-North China Orogen constituted an intracontinental rift during the Paleoproterozoic that was connected to the Eastern Block since the end of the Archean.     

面向21世纪高师化学教育专业课程体系的探讨

该文探讨了现代化学的进展与高师化学教育改革的必要性；21世纪社会、科技发展对高师化学教育的要求；面向用世纪我国中学化学教育改革的趋势及其对高师化学教育的要求；对我院化学教育专业现行课程体系进行了分析，提出了面向21世纪高师化学教育专业课程体系的构想，采取的主要措施和方法。     

Formation ages and source regions of the Palaeoproterozoic Gaofan,Hutuo and Dongjiao groups in the Wutai and Dongjiao areas of the North China Craton from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of detrital zircons: Resolution of debates over their stratigraphic relationships

This paper reports detrital zircon age distributions of meta-sedimentary rocks of the Gaofan, Hutuo and Dongjiao groups in the Wutai and Dongjiao areas of the North China Craton. Detrital zircons of a quartzite from the Gaofan Group are mainly ~2.5 Ga in age, with some ~2.7 Ga and older. A quartzite pebble from the basal conglomerate of the Hutuo Group is similar in detrital zircon age distribution to the quartzite of the Gaofan Group. For a meta-feldspar-quartz sandstone from the Dongjiao Group, the age of...     

高温应变下的亚晶界湮没与位错旋转机制的晶体相场模拟

采用先进的晶体相场模型,分别模拟了不同高温条件下的小角对称倾侧晶界,在施加应变下的晶界分解和亚晶界湮没的过程.研究表明:对于不靠近固-液共存温度的高温(T1)预熔化样品,施加应变下的晶界位错发生滑移运动,生成亚晶界和新的晶粒.随后,具有相反Burgers矢量的位错亚晶界相向运动,新晶粒不断吞噬旧晶粒而长大,最后发生亚晶界相遇湮没,亚晶界和预熔化区域消失,双晶转变为完整单晶.对于靠近固-液共存温度的高温(T2)预熔化样品,在应变作用下,生成的亚晶界相向运动,当接近到一定距离时,形成位错对偶极子,发生亚晶界位错结构二次转换,之后亚晶界运动反向,往回迁移运动,最后与另一列返回的亚晶界相向靠近,相互作用转变成"之"字形的亚晶界,然后湮没消失,整个体系转变为单晶.对于高温T2预熔化亚晶界,在应变作用下,形成位错对偶极子的过程中,偶极子的2个位错对的预熔化区域开始扩张、连通,形成近似棒状区域.这一过程的实质是高温预熔化区内部的原子晶格变软,使得在应变作用下,原子排列可以较容易的发生滑移和扭转变形,发生了不同类型的位错相互作用,出现了位错萌生、形核和增殖,位错分解和湮没等一系列位错反应,由此引起了位错的Burgers矢量方向的改变和亚晶界位错类型交换.     

多层气藏地层压力理论求解方法

地层压力是一个重要的地质参数,准确的求取地层压力为气藏地质研究和评价、动态分析、储量计算等提供依据。在多层气藏开发过程中,层间压力的变化不同。随着开采年限的增加,层间压力差异显著,会出现层间窜流。因此有必要对多层气藏地层压力求解进行研究分析。通过建立多层气藏理论模型,求出分层平均压力的变化,并根据气层间压力平衡计算当前地层压力。实例计算表明,该方法适用性强、计算精度较高,可以减少压力测试工作量。     

纤维素酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件

以褐色高温单孢菌（Thermomonospora fusca)为出发菌株，通过60s和80s的紫外线交替诱变孢子悬液，采用透明圈法初筛和摇瓶培养复筛的方法，获得了一株高产纤维素酶的突变株PE－211。与原始菌株相比，该突变株的产酶活力提高了1倍多。文中还对PE－211的产酶条件进行了研究。     

The age of the base of the paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group in the Wutai Mountains area,North China Craton: SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of basaltic andesite

Basalt and basaltic andesite metamorphosed at greenschist facies occurs with conglomerate layers at the bottom of the Paleopro-terozoic Hutuo Group in the Wutai Mountains area, North China Craton. Detailed geological surveying confirms that these volcanic rocks are conformable within the neighboring sedimentary rocks. The SHRIMP results on basaltic andesite are divided into two groups. In one group the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages are from 2433 to 2558 Ma, which is consistent with the basement crustal age in Fuping and Wutai areas. In the other group, 13 grains yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 2140±14 Ma. The latter is interpreted as the eruption age of the basaltic andesite, and gives the age of the base of the Hutuo Group. This result further suggests that the Hutuo Group formed in the middle Paleoproterozoic, not the early Palaeoproterozoic or late Archaean, as thought before, and is related to a 2.2–2.1 Ga rifting event in the Central North China Craton.