钢结构构件抗断裂分析理论与实用方法研究

结构钢材的韧性随温度降低而下降,其破坏形态也由塑性屈服向脆性断裂转变,构件的承载力也由强度控制变为材料的韧性控制.本文以裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)为指标试验研究了钢结构低温断裂行为,并提出了基于CTOD指标的钢结构防脆断设计方法.研究表明,该方法以考虑裂纹扩展而提高部分的最大承载能力作为构件的承载力,引入了温度和厚度对钢材断裂韧性的影响,通过裂纹扩展量的参数使设计方法与试验结果相吻合.     

Three-Dimensional Stress and Stress Intensity for Tensioned Flat Plates with Edge Cracks

The stress in the thickness direction is an important factor influencing the fracture behavior of structural members. A stress σy tensioned flat plate with edge cracks is widely used as an analysis model. The stresses σx and σy for the plate model can be acquired from Neuber＇s solution. However, the solution is applicable only for a perfect plane stress or plane strain state. As a consequence of the thickness of the plate a three-dimensional （3-D） stress state will arise near the crack tip, resulting in a variation of the distribution of σx and σy stresses. A full analysis for the 3-D stress fields for a tensioned flat plate with edge cracks has been therefore carried out. The results show that the 3-D stress field near the crack tip is mainly determined by two factors： the thickness of the plate and the curvature radius at the crack tip. A further analysis has been carried out for the stress intensity near the crack tip. In this paper we give some equations matching to the 3-D stress and stress intensity, which describe precisely the stress state near the crack tip, and which can be applied effectively in engineering analysis.     

基于裂纹扩展阻力曲线的钢结构构件断裂行为评估模型

为准确预测钢结构构件的断裂破坏,提出了基于裂纹扩展阻力曲线的评估方法。基于前期开展的低温下结构钢材的裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验结果,采用试验数据回归和理论分析方法,对裂纹扩展阻力曲线的参数进行标定,并分析裂纹扩展阻力曲线形式与含裂纹钢构件断裂模式的关系。结果表明:当构件初始裂纹长度大于临界值且钢材裂纹扩展阻力曲线呈上凸形时,构件发生韧性断裂;当构件初始裂纹长度小于临界值且阻力曲线呈上凸形时,或当阻力曲线呈水平直线时,构件发生脆性断裂。本文理论模型计算的最大载荷点裂纹扩展量与试验实测值吻合较好,验证了理论分析的准确性,可应用于钢结构构件的防断设计。     

含缺口受拉平板三维应力场及其对脆性破坏的影响

含尖缺口受拉平板三维应力场 ,在理论上已有多种解析解法但演算复杂。该文从 Neiber解析法出发 ,导出含尖缺口受拉平板三维应力场的实用简化计算方法。对于脆性破坏最有意义的是裂缝尖端附近的应力状态 ,经过理论计算 ,简化解在距离裂缝一定范围内的误差只有 1.2 %。研究了裂缝尖端附近三维应力分布 ,及沿厚度方向的应力分布。结果表明 :应力集中区常处于三向受拉状态 ,其塑性发展受到限制 ,因而极易发生脆性破坏     

结构钢材裂纹尖端张开位移的低温试验

目前对结构钢材低温脆性断裂的控制主要通过冲击韧性指标,难于获得定量的结果,因此,有必要对结构钢材的断裂指标进行低温测定。试验测定了结构钢材Q235A、Q345B和Q390E(屈服强度标准值分别为235MPa、345MPa和390MPa)在20～-70℃下12～48mm试样的裂纹尖端张开位移指标(CTOD),并分析了最大载荷CTOD特征值δm随温度和厚度的变化规律。结果表明,总的趋势是δm随着温度的降低而下降,其规律可以比较好的用Boltzmann函数描述;厚度增大,δm的总趋势降低,但在厚度12～24mm范围附近也会出现δm随厚度增加而上升的现象。