Viral journeys on the intracellular highways

Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that are dependent on cellular machineries for their replication. Recent technological breakthroughs have facilitated reliable identification of host factors required for viral infections and better characterization of the virus–host interplay. While these studies have revealed cellular machineries that are uniquely required by individual viruses, accumulating data also indicate the presence of broadly required mechanisms. Among these overlapping cellular functions are components of intracellular membrane trafficking pathways. Here, we review recent discoveries focused on how viruses exploit intracellular membrane trafficking pathways to promote various stages of their life cycle, with an emphasis on cellular factors that are usurped by a broad range of viruses. We describe broadly required components of the endocytic and secretory pathways, the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport pathway, and the autophagy pathway. Identification of such overlapping host functions offers new opportunities to develop broad-spectrum host-targeted antiviral strategies.     

强流脉冲离子束辐照钨靶温度场演化数值研究

强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)使材料表面气化产生喷发等离子体从而进行薄膜生长、纳米粉的制备等工作。金属钨的熔点高,热导性好,是耐高热流密度防护层最可能的材料。为了研究金属钨在高热负荷下的响应,建立了HIPIB辐照钨靶的考虑相变的非线性热力学方程,并采用有限元方法数值求解了靶材辐照后的二维温度场演化问题,得到了钨靶温度场的时空演化规律。当离子束流密度为100 A/cm2时,脉冲结束后束流入射中心表层约0.3μm厚的材料熔化,且熔化是从表面开始的,而后因热传导固化;脉冲结束后开始时靶材表面温度急剧下降,而后变得缓慢,温降的梯度在不同时刻均存在峰值,且随时间增加峰值向纵向深度处移动。     

The presence of monoamines in the nervous system ofPeripatopsis (Onychophora)

Summary Preliminary observations of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence support the suggestion that monoamines such as noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are transmitter agents in the central nervous system of Onychophora.Acknowledgments. We wish to thank Dr M. Fillenz for valuable advice and for generously enabling this work to be carried out, and we are indebted to Dr V. van der Lande for material.     

美国优质紫花苜蓿在宁夏中部干旱带的适应性研究

以宁夏盐池县本地苜蓿XM及宁夏益科农业科技有限公司引进的15个美国紫花苜蓿品种为研究对象,综合考虑生育期、株高、密度、产草量、茎叶比、越冬率等指标,开展苜蓿引种适应性研究.结果表明,以本地种XM为对照,15个外引种紫花苜蓿在生长发育特性上存在显著差异.其中,以品种ZHM,E3006,D4,D2表现较优,其返青早,青绿期长,鲜草产量分别是对照的1.52,1.45,1.28,1.25倍,干草产量分别是对照的1.46,1.25,1.22,1.19倍,且抗旱性强,品质优良,适宜在宁夏盐池县等中部干旱带大面积推广应用.     

尖晶石型LiMn2O4高温电性能的研究

采用熔盐浸渍法用不同的锂锰源(LiNO3、LiOH*H2O、EMD、CMD)制备了4种尖晶石型LiMn2O4正极材料.对材料进行了XRD结构表征,采用最小二乘法计算了样品的晶格常数.采用BET法测定了各样品的比表面积,测定了各样品的电导率.检测了各样品在高温下的贮藏和循环性能,在高温下作了循环伏安分析.结果表明虽然各样品均属于立方尖晶石结构但晶格常数和比表面积均不相同.以LiOH*H2O和EMD为原料制得的样品的极化最小,在高温下的循环性能最好.     

Utilizing Statistical Semantic Similarity Techniques for Ontology Mapping——with Applications to AEC Standard Models

The objective of this paper is to introduce three semi-automated approaches for ontology mapping using relatedness analysis techniques. In the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, there exist a number of ontological standards to describe the semantics of building models. Although the standards share similar scopes of interest, the task of comparing and mapping concepts among standards is challenging due to their differences in terminologies and perspectives. Ontology mapping is therefore necessary to achieve information interoperability, which allows two or more information sources to exchange data and to re-use the data for further purposes. The attribute-based approach, corpus-based approach, and name-based approach presented in this paper adopt the statistical relatedness analysis techniques to discover related concepts from heterogeneous ontologies. A pilot study is conducted on IFC and CIS/2 ontologies to evaluate the approaches. Preliminary results show that the attribute-based approach outperforms the other two approaches in terms of precision and F-measure.     

Seven prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified by a multi-stage genome-wide association study

Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer in developed countries. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study for PrCa and previously reported the results of the first two stages, which identified 16 PrCa susceptibility loci. We report here the results of stage 3, in which we evaluated 1,536 SNPs in 4,574 individuals with prostate cancer (cases) and 4,164 controls. We followed up ten new association signals through genotyping in 51,311 samples in 30 studies from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium. In addition to replicating previously reported loci, we identified seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 3q23, 3q26, 5p12, 6p21, 12q13 and Xq12 (P = 4.0 × 10(-8) to P = 2.7 × 10(-24)). We also identified a SNP in TERT more strongly associated with PrCa than that previously reported. More than 40 PrCa susceptibility loci, explaining ～25% of the familial risk in this disease, have now been identified.     

Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry identifies a susceptibility locus at 17q21

In search of common risk alleles for prostate cancer that could contribute to high rates of the disease in men of African ancestry, we conducted a genome-wide association study, with 1,047,986 SNP markers examined in 3,425 African-Americans with prostate cancer (cases) and 3,290 African-American male controls. We followed up the most significant 17 new associations from stage 1 in 1,844 cases and 3,269 controls of African ancestry. We identified a new risk variant on chromosome 17q21 (rs7210100, odds ratio per allele = 1.51, P = 3.4 × 10(-13)). The frequency of the risk allele is ～5% in men of African descent, whereas it is rare in other populations (<1%). Further studies are needed to investigate the biological contribution of this allele to prostate cancer risk. These findings emphasize the importance of conducting genome-wide association studies in diverse populations.