世界一流科技社团发展现状国际比较——基于实践动态的视角

 以世界一流科技社团2019年9月-2020年6月的新闻数据，分析总结了世界一流科技社团的实践动态及发展规律。研究发现：（1）国内科技社团强调党建引领，制度优势体现出强大的凝聚力；（2）国外科技社团更加善于聚合公共资源，并将产生的新知识转化为可供应用的产品和服务，推进科技与经济、创新链与产业链的融合；（3）国外科技社团善于通过多种形式发声，充分发挥决策者智库咨询的作用；（4）全球科技治理的实质性活动由国际化大型科技社团主导。中国科技社团需要重视决策咨询智库建设、为政府重大决策制定提供技术支撑；完善学术交流平台、创造有利于科技工作者的良好生态；为科技经济融合贡献智慧，推动互惠共享的国际科技交流合作。     

山西锦生润票号衰败考论

锦生润票号诞生在光绪二十九年,恰逢山西票号鼎盛时代,然而,也是山西票号"危机四伏"、衰败初露端倪的时期.锦生润票号于民国六年冬月主动"收歇",自有特别的"个案"的原因:锦生润不是完全意义上的山西票号,与经营了百年之久的其它票号不能简单地相提并论,仅仅是晚清山西商人开设"账局"的发展和延续,或者是"账局"与专业化汇兑的"票号"的有机结合的"蓝本",属于一种新类型的票号.锦生润票号的衰败及其原因,也是票号发展历史阶段的一个极其重要的组成部分.     

带有仿生环形剪切腹板风机叶片抗弯强度

随着风力机叶片日趋长展化,对其抗弯性能的要求也日益提高。受毛竹竹节规律性分布及其隔板支撑竹竿结构的启发,本文提出在叶片内部添加环形剪切腹板,建立带有环形剪切腹板的叶片受力模型,利用MATLAB软件,以一台750kW风力机为研究对象进行数值仿真,得到翼型截面惯性矩Iy,最大应力σmax和翼型相对厚度减小量ΔD分别随内弦长与外弦长之比?和叶片展长x的变化趋势。结果表明,叶片根部的抗弯性能显著提高；当比值?设为0.4时,环形腹板叶片与实心腹板叶片的抗弯强度几乎相同,且环形腹板的使用可以使叶片总质量更轻。     

Multifunctional artificial nacre via biomimetic matrix-directed mineralization

Natural nacre, one of the most studied biological structural materials with delicate hierarchical structures and extraordinary performance, has inspired the design and fabrication of artificial structural ceramics with high fracture toughness. However, to meet the diverse requirements of different applications, future structural materials must be multifunctional with superior mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness, and toughness. Herein, based on the matrix-directed mineralization method for producing biomimetic structural materials, we introduce nanoparticles with different inherent functions into the platelets of artificial nacre via the co-mineralization of aragonite and the nanoparticles. Besides their enhanced mechanical properties, the obtained artificial nacre materials also exhibit different functions depending on the type of the nanoparticles. To extend the versatility of this strategy, the effects of nanoparticles of different sizes and zeta potentials on mineralization are also analyzed. This universal strategy can be applied to the fabrication of other types of functionalized biomimetic structural ceramics that have potential applications in various fields, such as biomedical science.     

Comparison of Travel Mode Choice Between Taxi and Subway Regarding Traveling Convenience

In this study, we investigate travel mode choice behavior between taxi and subway with an emphasis on the influence of traveling convenience. In the first stage, we examine the Origin-Destination(OD) points of Beijing taxi trips and compare these locations with the respective nearest subway station. Statistics reveal several interesting conclusions. First, for approximately 24.89% of all trips, no convenient subway connections exist between the OD pairs. As such, a taxi becomes the only viable choice. Second, for 80.23% of the remaining 75.11%of trips(equivalent to 60.26% of all trips), access distance from either the origin or the destination to the nearest subway station is greater than 500 meters. This phenomenon indicates that walking distance plays an important role in travel mode choice. In the second stage, we examine groups of taxi trips with similar travel distances and travel times to reveal common features. We establish a preference rule in terms of travel distance and travel time.This determines whether an individual driver will take a taxi or the subway, using a pairwise comparison-based preference regression model. Tests indicate that more than 95% of taxi trips can be correctly predicted by this preference rule. This conclusion reveals that traveling convenience dominates the travel model choice between taxi and subway. All these findings shed light on the factors that influence travel mode choice behavior.     

A Novel Routing Method for Social Delay-Tolerant Networks

The lack of continuous connectivity and a complete path from source to destination makes node communication quite difficult in Delay-Tolerant Networks(DTNs). Most studies focus on routing problems in idealized network environments without considering social properties. Communication devices are carried by individuals in many DTNs; therefore, DTNs are unique social networks to some extent. To design efficient routing protocols for DTNs, it is important to analyze their social properties. In this paper, a more accurate and comprehensive metric for detecting the quality of the relationships between nodes is proposed, by considering the contact time, contact frequency, and contact regularity. An overlapping hierarchical community detection method is designed based on this new metric, and a tree structure is built. Furthermore, we exploit the overlapping community structure and the tree structure to provide message-forwarding paths from the source node to the destination node.The simulation results show that our Routing method based on Overlapping hierarchical Community Detection(ROCD) achieves better delivery rate than SimBet and Bubble Rap, the classic routing protocols, without affecting the average delay.     

面向港口车船目标的航空影像旋转不变检测器

为了解决通用目标检测架构在航空影像下港口场景中的车辆和船只检测任务中性能不足且不能估计目标方向的缺陷。一种单卷积旋转不变检测器被提出以解决这种问题。基于回归网络的旋转不变检测器网络层数更少，边框分配和尺度大小更加公平，在带有角度信息的方向边框策略的配合下能够在特定场景的目标检测任务中实现更鲁棒的检测结果并能评估目标的方向。使用同一数据集与众多先进架构的对比实验和旋转边框消融实验的结果证明了提出架构的优势。     

干湿循环和吸力对非饱和下蜀土力学特性影响的试验研究

为研究干湿循环和吸力共同作用对非饱和下蜀土力学特性的影响,选取镇江某边坡的下蜀土为研究对象,通过非饱和直剪试验,对不同干湿循环次数及吸力水平下下蜀土力学特性的变化规律进行了研究.结果 表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,下蜀土表面裂隙明显增加并具有不可逆性;下蜀土的抗剪强度经短暂增大后逐渐降低,并在第4次干湿循环作用后趋于稳定;下蜀土的黏聚力在经历短暂提高后逐渐降低并趋于稳定,而其内摩擦角则随干湿循环次数的增加变化幅度较小,呈上下波动态势;相同干湿循环次数下,吸力的存在对于下蜀土的黏聚力具有提升作用,而对土体内摩擦角的影响则不明显.研究结果可为干湿循环作用下下蜀土边坡的稳定性分析提供计算参数,具有实际工程意义.     

微生物燃料电池修复钒污染地下水的响应曲面优化研究

使用响应曲面法, 对单室微生物燃料电池去除五价钒的运行条件进行分析和优化。采用乙酸钠作为单室微生物燃料电池的碳源, 探讨钒初始浓度、COD初始浓度和电解液电导率对五价钒去除率的影响, 三因素三水平的响应曲面分析结果表明, 五价钒初始浓度对五价钒去除率的影响最显著, 其次为 COD 初始浓度, 最后是电解液电导率。利用响应曲面法得到最优实验条件: 五价钒初始浓度为75.44 mg/L, COD初始浓度为1007.48 mg/L, 电导率为11.98 mS/cm, 此时可获得五价钒的最大理论去除率80.31%。验证实验的结果证实了该优化方法的可靠性。研究成果可以促进微生物燃料电池技术在治理钒污染地下水领域的实际应用。     

渤海特高含水期油田剩余油分布规律及挖潜策略

油田进入特高含水期后,受储层韵律性、平面非均质性、断层边界及纵向夹层等影响,油层水淹规律及剩余油分布十分复杂。为进一步提高油田采收率,结合新钻井水淹层测井解释成果、密闭取心、生产动态及油藏数值模拟等资料,对渤海Q油田水淹特征和剩余油分布规律进行深入研究,并提出相应的调整井挖潜策略。认为油层底部、井点附近及边水油藏注采主流线水淹严重,油层中上部、井间区域、遮挡带附近和底水油藏边部水淹较弱或未水淹,纵向上井间区域水淹层占比为8%～65%,平面上生产井有效动用半径为70～150 m。提出利用水平井进行井间加密、边部完善井网、垂向穿夹层动用屋檐油及井网调整等挖潜策略。结果表明:利用水平井挖潜特高含水期剩余油,可有效改善开发效果,提高油田采收率,并为海上类似油田的调整挖潜提供借鉴。