基于平均熵值的多点地质统计建模参数优选方法

多点地质统计建模方法通过训练图像获取空间结构和相关性统计特征,重建结构复杂的储层地质模型,为提高油气预测效果服务。不同建模参数的选择会直接影响计算效率和模拟结果,因此选择合适的建模参数至关重要。鉴于传统参数灵敏度分析方法的不足,提出一种基于模式均熵的多点地质统计建模参数优选方法,采用Hsim相似度对随机模型和训练图像的模式均熵差异进行量化分析。以多点地质统计建模参数——样板尺寸为例,计算建模参数集和训练图像的空间及结构特征相似度,建立基于模式均熵差异的空间相关性评价指标和建模参数的拟合曲线,将相关性评价曲线趋于平稳的拐点所对应参数值作为最优参数。实验结果表明,相比传统参数优选方法,基于单点熵代替两点熵进行平均熵值计算的新方法可以准确客观地优选出多点地质统计建模算法的参数。     

Development of gas tungsten arc welding using current pulsing technique to preclude chromium carbide precipitation in aerospace-grade alloy 80A

Weldments were produced using gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding(PCGTAW) techniques with ERNiCr-3 filler wire. Macro examination revealed that the resultant weldments were free from defects. A refined microstructure was observed in the weldment fabricated through PCGTAW. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis revealed secondary phases in the grain boundaries. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) analysis revealed that microsegregation of Cr carbide precipitates was completely eradicated through PCGTAW. The microsegregation of Nb precipitates was observed in the GTA and PCGTA weldments. X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis revealed the existence of M_(23)C?_6 Cr-rich carbide and Ni_8Nb phases in the GTA weldments. By contrast, in the PCGTA weldments, the Ni_8Nb phase was observed. The Cr_2Ti phase was observed in both the GTA and the PCGTA weldments. Tensile tests showed that the strength and ductility of the PCGTA weldments were slightly higher than those of the GTA weldments.     

基于动态博弈的补贴模式对机场群航线网络结构的影响研究

为探讨不同补贴模式对机场群航线网络结构的影响，本文构建了关于机场、航空公司和乘客之间的动态博弈模型，通过逆向归纳法得到了纳什均衡条件. 研究结果发现：（1）不同的补贴模式对多机场航线网络结构产生重要影响，低补贴模式促使机场群倾向于形成点对点航线网络结构，反之，在高补贴模式下机场群易于形成枢纽辐射航线网络； （2）在较低的空铁联运总运营成本环境下，补贴竞争使得航空公司倾向于选择系统内的大型机场作为枢纽机场；反之，如果空铁联运总运营成本相对较高，补贴竞争使得航空公司倾向于选择小机场作为枢纽节点； （3）随航班固定成本和空铁联运总运营成本的增大，大型机场作为枢纽节点的概率逐渐减少，而小机场被选为枢纽节点的概率将逐渐增大. 随着机场群内大型机场腹地服务人口比例的增大，航空公司选择点对点航线网络的概率在减小. 研究结论能够为民航管理部门科学制定和应用航线补贴政策提供决策依据.     

基于危险值分布流模型的飞机时间间隔计算方法

前后两架飞机的间隔是影响进近航路容量的关键因素,为了在飞机进近阶段前后两架飞机之间既能保持安全,又能最大程度地缩小两机之间的尾流间隔,提升进近阶段的到达容量,使用一种改进的Lighthill-Whitham-Richards(LWR)的交通流量模型,改进后的LWR模型将进场着陆的飞机发生碰撞冲突的概率视为与飞机数量相关的连续分布,称为危险值分布,通过危险值分布预测发生冲突的概率,使用速度平差法计算不同机型组合的安全间隔.基于危险值分布流模型对进近阶段上不满足间隔的飞机提出速度调整方法,使飞机之间保持所需的最小间隔时间,以便能够最佳利用进场着陆空域的容量.     

Heusler合金Fe_2VAl的晶体结构与热电性能研究

采用真空电弧熔炼和放电等离子烧结技术制备了Full-Heusler合金Fe_2VAl,利用XRD、XPS对合金的物相结构与成分进行表征,在300～800K温度区间内测试了合金的Seebeck系数、电阻率、热导率等热电参数,并将实验结果与基于L2_1有序结构Fe_2VAl合金的模拟计算值进行了比较。结果表明,实验所制的合金样品中Fe、Al、V原子比接近于2∶1∶1,基本满足Fe_2VAl合金的成分配比;结合XRD衍射谱及10K下合金的饱和磁矩可知,所制合金样品中除了完全有序的L2_1结构相外,还存在部分的B2相。另一方面,基于热电性能测试结果可知,所制Fe_2VAl合金表现出典型的n型半导体特性,其Seebeck系数和电阻率随着温度的升高而降低,这与利用VASP和BoltzTraP软件包结合计算得到的L2_1结构Fe_2VAl合金的热电参数随温度(300～800K)的变化趋势相符合;合金的热导率随着温度的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在500K附近具有极小值,而无量纲参数热电优值ZT在500K附近达到最大值,约为0.052。     

Intrinsically disordered proteins in crowded milieu: when chaos prevails within the cellular gumbo

Effects of macromolecular crowding on structural and functional properties of ordered proteins, their folding, interactability, and aggregation are well documented. Much less is known about how macromolecular crowding might affect structural and functional behaviour of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs). To fill this gap, this review represents a systematic analysis of the available literature data on the behaviour of IDPs/IDPRs in crowded environment. Although it was hypothesized that, due to the excluded-volume effects present in crowded environments, IDPs/IDPRs would invariantly fold in the presence of high concentrations of crowding agents or in the crowded cellular environment, accumulated data indicate that, based on their response to the presence of crowders, IDPs/IDPRs can be grouped into three major categories, foldable, non-foldable, and unfoldable. This is because natural cellular environment is not simply characterized by the presence of high concentration of “inert” macromolecules, but represents an active milieu, components of which are engaged in direct physical interactions and soft interactions with target proteins. Some of these interactions with cellular components can cause (local) unfolding of query proteins. In other words, since crowding can cause both folding and unfolding of an IDP or its regions, the outputs of the placing of a query protein to the crowded environment would depend on the balance between these two processes. As a result, and because of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in structural organization of IDPs, macromolecular crowding can differently affect structures of different IDPs. Recent studies indicate that some IDPs are able to undergo liquid–liquid-phase transitions leading to the formation of various proteinaceous membrane-less organelles (PMLOs). Although interiors of such PMLOs are self-crowded, being characterized by locally increased concentrations of phase-separating IDPs, these IDPs are minimally foldable or even non-foldable at all (at least within the physiologically safe time-frame of normal PMLO existence).     

The carcinofauna found in stomach contents of the flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) on the continental shelf of the Campos Basin,Brazil

A total of 3109 crustaceans belonging to 50 taxa distributed in 42 families were found in 117 analysed stomachs of flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans). Samples were obtained in April 2008 by the R/V Gyre using a bottom trawl towed in 12 stations at 14–100 m depth on the continental shelf of the Campos Basin, Brazil. The carcinofauna was analysed and the order Calanoida (Copepoda) found to be the most important item in terms of relative abundance and frequency of occurrence, followed by the order Amphipoda (Peracarida), the infraorder Brachyura (Decapoda), the order Stomatopoda and the subclass Myodocopa (Ostracoda). In the order Calanoida, the species Pontellopsis cf. villosa (Pontellidae) represented 98.04% of total crustacean abundance. The diet of Dactylopterus volitans varied according to fish size, with higher diversity of Crustacea at smaller size classes, decreasing in larger fishes. A similar pattern regarding depth was obtained, with greater diversity of taxa in gurnard stomachs caught at shallower depths. Flying gurnard is considered a generalized carnivore of invertebrates, eating mobile macrobenthic organisms, such as crustaceans, and its diet varies with its life stage, without any specific group as its main food source.     

Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

ABSTRACT

We describe two diminutive species of rattlesnakes (genus Crotalus) from small nearshore islands off the coast of Baja California in the western Gulf of California, Mexico. In order to test the hypothesis that some island populations represent cohesive species entities, we applied linear discriminant analysis and uniform validation procedures to multiple classes of intrinsic trait data. By using previously recognised species to establish a threshold for species recognition, we found that assignment of specimens to either new species was as probable as with other established rattlesnake species within the speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii) complex. We also found that assignment of specimens from other island populations was not as probable as for the established species, and these populations are referable to C. pyrrhus. The species endemic to Piojo Island is most closely related to other island and mainland populations of C. pyrrhus whereas the species endemic to Cabeza de Caballo Island is apparently most closely related to C. angelensis, a nearby island endemic of large body size. However, patterns from both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, and phenotypic variation, indicate that evolutionary trajectories of both of these species have been influenced by introgression from C. angelensis. We speculate that collective evidence based on contrasting patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial evolution supports a hybrid origin of the species from Cabeza de Caballo Island followed by exceptionally rapid mitochondrial evolution. Consistent with small body size, both species show a reduction in various scale counts relative to other species of the C. mitchellii species complex, suggesting that dwarfism is not simply a plastic response to insular conditions.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn.lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FBC8A11B-04A3-4231-85CA-3972DF5A42FF