The origin of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system

Spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system is required for neuronal survival as well as the refinement and maintenance of tonotopic maps in the brain. However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating auditory nerve firing in the absence of sound have not been determined. Here we show that supporting cells in the developing rat cochlea spontaneously release ATP, which causes nearby inner hair cells to depolarize and release glutamate, triggering discrete bursts of action potentials in primary auditory neurons. This endogenous, ATP-mediated signalling synchronizes the output of neighbouring inner hair cells, which may help refine tonotopic maps in the brain. Spontaneous ATP-dependent signalling rapidly subsides after the onset of hearing, thereby preventing this experience-independent activity from interfering with accurate encoding of sound. These data indicate that supporting cells in the organ of Corti initiate electrical activity in auditory nerves before hearing, pointing to an essential role for peripheral, non-sensory cells in the development of central auditory pathways.     

Antagonism by deoxyribosides of the inhibitory action of certain hydroxamic acids on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis

Résumé L'action inhibitrice de l'hydroxyurée (HU) sur une synthèse de DNA peut être antagonisée par des déoxyribosides (dR). De même, un mélange de déoxyadénosine, de déoxyguanosine, et de déoxycytidine annule complètement l'action de l'acide oxanyl hydroxamique (OHA) et inverse, en partie, les effets de l'acide salicylhydroxamique (SHA) et de l'acide (dihydroxybenzoyl-2.3)-hydroxamique (DHB). Lorsqu'on ajoute de la thymidine à une solution de dR, le schéma général d'antagonisme est similaire. De plus, en présence des quatre dR, l'action de l'acétoxyoxamide (AOA) est en partie antagonisée. Il a été conclu que ces acides hydroxamiques, comme l'HU, interviennent, à un degré plus ou moins grand, avec réduction des ribosides.

---

---

Aided by grant No. GM-13958 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.     

Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation

A recent explosion in newly discovered vascular growth factors has coincided with exploitation of powerful new genetic approaches for studying vascular development. An emerging rule is that all of these factors must be used in perfect harmony to form functional vessels. These new findings also demand re-evaluation of therapeutic efforts aimed at regulating blood vessel growth in ischaemia, cancer and other pathological settings.     

Control of the carrier-envelope phases of a synchronously pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillator and its applications

The intrinsic synchronization, multi-color outputs and related carrier-envelope phases （CEP） among pulses bring advantages to synchronously pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillators and the pumping sources for broadband frequency comb generation and ultrashort waveform coherent syn-thesis. In this paper, we discuss our latest research results in this field, which cover the following as-pects： the phase relationship and energy conservation law in an OPO and related experimental verifi-cation; control of the pumping Ti-sapphire femtosecond laser＇s CEP by self-referencing technology, and its repetition-rate locking by piezoelectric transducer （PZT）; CEP locking of the pulses from the OPO by beating the non-phase-matched visible outputs against pump supercontinuum to obtain a driving signal for a fast PZT on the OPO end mirror; the generation of a broadband frequency comb spanning from 400 nm to 2.4 μm with 1.2 kHz bandwidth; and the realization of coherent interference between phase controlled pump pulses and signal second harmonic pulses.     

镁铝尖晶石本征色心的计算机模拟

利用计算机模拟技术和经验参数化方法,通过对镁铝尖晶石(MgAl2O4)晶体结构、晶格形成能及本征缺陷形成能的计算,论证了镁空位VMg^2-、氧空位Vo^2 和少量的AlMg^ 是MgAl2O4中的本征点缺陷．并指出其会以[VMg^2--Vo^2 ]空位对和[VMg^2--2lMg^ ]的形式实现电荷补偿．