中华人民共和国成立以来重大科技发展战略的演进与启示

 中华人民共和国成立70余年来，党中央根据国际政治形势、国内经济社会发展需要、世界科技革命变革趋势，先后提出“向科学进军”“科学技术是第一生产力”“科教兴国”“创新驱动发展”等一系列重大科技发展战略，确立了中国科学技术进步的道路，引领中国科技事业取得了令人鼓舞的巨大成就。战略方针从“跟踪模仿”走向“自主创新”，战略重点从“推进国防和重工业发展”走向“推进社会全面协调可持续发展”，战略攻关力量从“研发机构”走向“研发机构、高等院校、企业”协同创新，战略体系从“单一拳”走向“组合拳”。面向未来，要抓住历史机遇，继续坚持“四个面向”，着力加快关键核心技术攻关，建立高精尖科技创新人才队伍，完善新时代创新生态体系，不断深化科技体制机制改革，努力成为世界主要科学中心和创新高地。     

基于地形遮蔽的自旋弹测高雷达回波建模与仿真

为解决导弹自旋运动模型复杂、建模计算量大的问题, 建立了一种新的导弹自旋运动模型。在该运动模型的基础上, 考虑了地形起伏对弹载测高雷达回波遮挡的影响, 利用仿真地形, 采用地形遮蔽算法, 建立地形遮挡下的雷达回波模型, 仿真得到不同高度下的雷达回波图和频谱图。通过对回波的分析、得到在高度为10 km, 雷达斜照射角度超过65.3°时, 地形起伏对于雷达回波有显著遮蔽影响雷达回波发生频谱搬移等若干结论。该结论与实际情况一致, 验证了模型的准确性, 为后续弹载测高雷达回波模拟提供一定的理论支撑。     

烟支硬度检测结果影响因素分析

为探究烟支硬度检测结果的影响因素,对烟支物理指标检测方案进行优化,提升卷烟质量监督水平.本试验以3类卷烟泰山(东方)为试验材料,分别设计不同检测方案、挡烟板位置、预压时间、压缩时间、压缩速度、环境湿度、贮存时间来对烟支硬度进行测定.烟支检测全项时硬度明显高于单独检测出的硬度;随挡烟板位置的增加,烟支硬度检测值先下降再上升;预压时间、压缩速度对烟支硬度检测结果影响不显著;不同的测试环境湿度会引起烟支水分变化,进而导致烟支硬度检测值产生变化;1个月内硬度不会发生明显变化,但是随着贮存时间延长而增长.应适当优化烟支物理指标检测顺序或方案,设置挡烟板位置为距离接嘴端55 mm,降低测定环境湿度为60％±2％,减少烟支贮存时间或控制贮存环境湿度,及时维护测定设备,以提升质量监督水平.     

La$_{{1-x}}$Sr$_{x}$TiO$_{3}$ 薄膜的高通量 X 射线衍射

高通量材料合成方法和高通量材料表征手段区别于传统低效率的 "试错法"材料发展方法, 极大地加速了材料科学的变革和发展. 通过设计程序进行了高通量 X 射线衍射实验, 在保证数据分辨率条件下, 高效地表征了 La$_{1-x}$Sr$_{x}$TiO$_{3}$ 薄膜上多个数据位点的晶体结构, 验证了其成分的连续变化性质, 为后续开展更多类型的高通量 X 射线衍射实验提供了指导.     

The TET enzymes

During the past decade, we have learnt that the most common DNA modification, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), playing crucial roles in development and disease, is not stable but can be actively reversed to its unmodified form via enzymatic catalysis involving the TET enzymes. These ground-breaking discoveries have been achieved thanks to technological advances in the detection of the oxidized forms of 5mC and to the boldness of individual scientists. The TET enzymes require molecular oxygen for their catalysis, making them important targets for hypoxia research. They also require special cofactors which enable additional levels of regulation. Moreover, mutations and other genetic alterations in TETs are found, especially in myeloid malignances. This review focuses on the kinetic and inhibitory properties of the TET enzymes and the role of TETs in cellular differentiation and transformation and in cancer.     

Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release

Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles released by fusion of an organelle of the endocytic pathway, the multivesicular body, with the plasma membrane. This process was discovered more than 30 years ago, and during these years, exosomes have gone from being considered as cellular waste disposal to mediate a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. The exponential interest in exosomes experienced during recent years is due to their important roles in health and disease and to their potential clinical application in therapy and diagnosis. However, important aspects of the biology of exosomes remain unknown. To explore the use of exosomes in the clinic, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are better understood. We have here summarized what is presently known about how exosomes are formed and released by cells. Moreover, other cellular processes related to exosome biogenesis and release, such as autophagy and lysosomal exocytosis are presented. Finally, methodological aspects related to exosome release studies are discussed.     

Study on the Centralization Strategy of the Blood Allocation Among Different Departments within a Hospital

By far, the researches on how to distribute blood products among different departments in hospital have not been further studied, though the problem of blood shortage and wastage that caused by improper blood allocation is severe, which may endanger patient’s lives and impose considerable costs on hospitals. In order to solve this problem, this paper mainly studies on how to distribute the blood items among different departments within a hospital and investigates the allocation approach with the novel management method by centralizing the inventory of several different departments. By integrating the blood inventory requirements of some departments, the hospital could reduce the rate of blood shortage and wastage effectively, release the pressure of the occupancy of resources and reduce the bullwhip effect of blood products. This paper illustrates the centralization principle in hospital and formulates the mixed integer programming model to work out the optimal allocation network scheme and the optimal inventory setting for every department. And the results of the numerical example demonstrate that this centralization method could considerably reduce blood shortage and wastage in hospital by about 72% and 90% respectively. Furthermore, it could decrease the total cost by about 108,540 RMB a month on blood supply chain management in the hospital and improve the effect of some certain surgeries by transfusing the fresh blood to patients.     

Fuzzy Views on Black-Litterman Portfolio Selection Model

In this paper, views of investor are described in fuzzy sets, and two fuzzy Black-Litterman models are constructed with fuzzy views and fuzzy random views respectively. In the models, expected returns and uncertainty matrix of views are redefined and the views are formulated by fuzzy approaches suitably. Then the models are tested with data from Chinese financial markets. Empirical results show that the fuzzy random views model performs the best, and both the fuzzy models are better than the traditional ones, demonstrating that the fuzzy approaches can contain more information in the views and measure the uncertainty more correctly.