One pot cascade synthesis of substituted 1,2,4-triazol-3-ones

Substituted triazolinones were prepared by a three-component reaction of aldehydes, hydrazines and azodicarboxylates using TFA as a catalyst. The procedure was convenient and efficient, utilizing readily available substrates. A plausible mechanism for the cascade process is proposed.     

Turbidite and bottom-current evolution revealed by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of redox sediments in the Ulleung Basin,Sea of Japan

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS) from above and below 7.31 m in a core from the southern Ulleung Basin shows clear differences on an equal area projection of the lower hemisphere.Rather concentrated steep inclination of K 3 and horizontal inclination of K 1 and K 2(K1 ≥K2 ≥K3) are located within the upper part,and the latter two axes lie perpendicular to each other near the bedding plane.In contrast,random distribution of the three axes and extremely high value of shape parameters(Q=(K1-K2)/[(K1+K2)/2-K3]) are evident in the lower part,indicating complete destruction of the original sedimentary structure.This result is consistent with data from X-radiographs,which show numerous conglomerates,distortions and cleavages in the lower part.According to age models by Liu et al.(2010) and Zou et al.(2010),the bottom age at 7.31 m is 48 cal ka BP,and the time domain is discussed below.The degree of AMS(P) is low,1-1.08,and linearly related to the foliation(F)(R2 =0.95,N=176).The relationship between F and linearity(L) implies oblate aligning patterns that are typically sedimentary in origin.At least five redox couplets were found with the aid of S ratios and other rock magnetic parameters,and in most cases,the original signals of climate survived early diagenesis.The paleomagnetically reoriented AMS show corresponding changes with millennial events in the last 48 cal ka.Clearly tilted K 3 directions and reduction of P and F occurred within DO1-BA warm events,when melt water pulse 1A nd the YD cold event took place.The turbulent conditions therein,synchronous with coarsening of sediments,provide evidence of strong bottom currents and possible directional changes,as evidenced by different K3 tilting directions.A NE current direction in the last 4.5 cal ka is consistent with in situ measurements of bottom currents.Responses of AMS,mainly to climatic modulation,show on the one hand,the limited influence of diagenesis on rock magnetic signals and,on the other hand,the dramatic change of hydrodynamic conditions and terrigenous inputs during rapid sea level rise during the last deglaciation.     

Records of the East Asian winter monsoon from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea since the mid-Holocene

AMS¹⁴C dating and analysis of grain size, major elements and clay minerals were applied to Core MZ01 from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea. Based on the environmentally sensitive grain size, clay mineral and major element assemblages, the history of the East Asia winter monsoon since the mid-Holocene could be reconstructed. These three proxies, mean grain size (>9.71 μm), chemical index of alteration (CIA) and ratio of smectite to kaolinite in particular, show similar fluctuation patterns. Furthermore, 10 extreme values corresponding to the contemporary cooling events could be recognized since the mid-Holocene; these extreme values are likely to have been caused by the strengthening of the East Asia winter monsoon. The cooling events correlated well with the results of the δ¹⁸O curves of the Dunde ice core and GISP2, which therefore revealed a regional response to global climate change. Four stages of the East Asia winter monsoon were identified, i.e. 8300–6300 a BP, strong and unstable; 6300–3800 a BP, strong but stable; 3800–1400 a BP, weak and unstable; after 1400 a BP, weak but stable.     

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate,the island of Taiwan is generally recognized as an important example in the MARGINS Program Science Plan and "source-to-sink" research because of its high tectonic activity,heavy rainfall and unique geography.Large suspended sediment loads are transported to the adjacent ocean by Taiwanese rivers every year,making Taiwan an important source of sediments into the adjacent seas and a natural laboratory for studying the systemic movement of fluvial sediments from source to sink.A detailed study on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments collected from the drainage basins of 12 Taiwanese rivers using X-ray diffraction methods was conducted.Our results indicated that the clay mineral assemblages consisted dominantly of illite(approximately 73%) and chlorite(approximately 24%),with lesser abundances of kaolinite(approximately 3%) and even lower levels of smectite from the Danshuei River sediments in northwestern Taiwan.The Jhuoshuei River sediments from western Taiwan contained clay mineral assemblages that consisted of illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 25%),but they lacked kaolinite and smectite.In southwestern Taiwan,the clay mineral assemblages were dominated by illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 23%),but had a low abundance of kaolinite(generally < 2%) and no smectite.The clay mineral assemblages in eastern Taiwan are obviously different from those in western parts of the island.The most noticeable difference is that the average abundance of chlorite in the Hualien River from eastern Taiwan was the highest(approximately 48%) of all the Taiwanese rivers.We concluded that,in general,the clay mineral assemblages in Taiwanese rivers were mainly composed of illite and chlorite with kaolinite and smectite being scarce,and these trends are different from those in China’s mainland rivers.The clay mineral composition shown in this study was primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock,and the differential weathering intensities of the drainage area.The surface sediments in Taiwan’s rivers showed a greater abundance of illite and chlorite because the outcropped rocks were mainly composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks,especially sandstone,shale and slate,and show strong physical weathering.The relatively high relief and more abundant rainfall also caused the clay minerals in the fluvial sediments to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves over a shorter time scale.     

Biomarker reconstruction of phytoplankton productivity and community structure changes in the middle Okinawa Trough during the last 15 ka

Biomarkers have been widely used to reconstruct phytoplankton productivity and community structure changes, and this method has been applied for the first time in the middle Okinawa Trough during the transition from the last deglaciation to the Holocene. The total content of all marine phytoplankton biomarkers, used as a total productivity indicator, reveals higher productivity during the deglaciation. The ratios of the biomarkers are used as community structure indicators which show that, compared with the Holocene, the contribution from haptophytes decreased while the contributions from diatoms and dinoflagellates increased during the deglaciation. The increased productivity during the deglaciation was likely caused by the stronger winter monsoon. Also increased nutrient supply from terrestrial sources contributes to the higher productivity due to lower sea-level, which is consistent with higher terrestrial biomarker （long-chain n-alkanols） content. These changes in the nutrient supply also con- tributed to the community structure changes in the Okinawa Trough.