Sample maturation calculated using Raman spectroscopic parameters for solid organics: Methodology and geological applications

The shape and shift of Raman peak of solid organics prove to be capable of revealing atomic and molecular level vibration information of aromatic ring structure and its relationship with sample maturation. Raman "D" peaks and "G" peaks of a series of continuously maturated coal samples were measured, and the inter-peak intervals (G-D) and peak height ratios (Dh/Gh) were derived and correlated with the vitrinite reflectance (vRo%) of standard coal samples. As a result, two formulae were established by using the two Raman indices for calculation of Raman reflectance (RmcRo%), which is equivalent to vitrinite reflectance. The formula for calculating Raman reflectance indicative of organic maturation using Raman shift inter-peak interval (G-D) is RmcRo%=0.0537d(G-D)-11.21, which is mainly applicable to matured to highly matured carbonized samples of solid organics; The formula for calculating Raman reflectance indicative of organic maturation using Raman peak height ratio (Dh/Gh) is RmcRo%=1.1659h (Dh/Gh)+2.7588, which is mainly applicable to carbonized samples of solid organics that are over matured or going to be turned into granulated graphite. Preliminary applications indicate that Raman reflectance "RmcRo%" calculated based on results of Raman spectral analysis of solid organics can be used to characterize sample maturation at molecular level, so enjoying extensive prospects in geological applications.     

An electrochemical and microstructural characterization of steel-mortar admixed with corrosion inhibitors

The present research brings new insights on the role of admixed corrosion inhibitors in the processes of cement hydration and rebar corrosion.The admixing of NaCl and the corrosion inhibitors in fresh mortar was found to alter the morphology and microstructure of the hardened mortar at the steel-mortar interfacial region.The admixing of the inhibitors increased the risk of carbonation of cement hydrates at the steel-mortar interfacial region,but partially displaced chloride ions. Chloride and the admixed in...     

组合桨液相搅拌槽内流动特性的实验研究及数值模拟

采用粒子图像测速技术 (PIV),对直径为0.19 m的三层组合桨 (HEDT+2WH) 搅拌槽 (直径为0.48 m) 内的流场进行了实验研究,并利用标准 k-ε 模型对相应的流动特性进行了数值模拟。实验结果表明：通过改变层间距、顶层桨的浸没深度及上两层桨的操作方式可以得到4种不同流型,每种流型内循环结构的数目各不相同;上两层桨下压式操作时,流场的循环结构最少,只有两个;高速区和高能量区的分布相同,都位于各个桨叶的射流区内,且底桨射流区内的速度值和湍流动能值都大于上两层桨。模拟结果表明：标准 k-ε 模型对流场的预测较为准确,但对于有5个循环结构的流型模拟误差较大;湍流动能分布型式的模拟值与PIV实验结果吻合较好,但数值偏低,表明标准 k-ε 模型在预测复杂流型时需要改进;功率准数的模拟值与实验值基本一致。     

High density methane inclusions in Puguang Gasfield: Discovery and a T-P genetic study

Based on measurement of homogenization temperature of inclusions and Raman spectral analysis, high density methane inclusions were discovered in the Triassic reservoirs of Puguang Gasfield. The methane inclusions show a homogenization temperature Th = -117.5― -118.1℃, a corresponding density of 0.3455―0.3477 g/cm3, and a Raman scatter peak v1 shift varying between 2911―2910 cm-1, which signifies a very high density of methane inclusions. The salt water inclusions paragenetic with methane inclusions show a homogenization temperature Th=170―180℃. Based on the composition of methane inclusions as determined by Raman spectra, PVTsim software was used to simulate the trapping pressure for high density methane inclusions in geologic history, and the trapping pressure was found to be as high as 153―160 MPa. Even though Puguang Gasfield is currently a gas pool of normal pressure, and the fluid pressure for the gas pool ranges between 56―65 MPa. However, data from this study indicates that remarkable overpressure may be generated at the stage of mass production of gas cracked from oils in Cretaceous, as high density methane inclusions constitute key evidence for overpressure in gas pool in geologic history. Meanwhile, discovery of small amounts of H2S, CO2 or heavy hydrocarbon in part of the high density methane inclusions indicates that the geochemical environment for trapping of inclusions may be related to formation of H2S. Therefore, the observation results can help to explore the thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） conditions for oil cracking and H2S formation.     

共形反常修正背景下的全息热化

在共形反常修正背景下,利用两点关联函数我们研究了修正参数对等离子体热化行为的影响,根据Ad S/CFT对偶,这等同于通过类空测地线探测共形反常修正背景下物质壳的引力坍塌过程.结果表明,随着共形反常修正系数增大,等离子体从非平衡态到平衡态的热化时间更长.我们还得到了热化曲线的拟合函数,基于这一函数,进一步得到了热化速度和热化加速度.根据热化速度曲线,我们发现热化过程可以分成加速相和减速相,相变点随着共形反常修正系数增大而增大.     

涡轮桨搅拌槽内流动及尾涡特性研究

采用颗粒成像测速仪（PIV）,实验测定了相同功率下两种不同叶片长度的六直叶涡轮桨（RT桨）的流动场,分析了叶片长度对液相速率、湍流动能和尾涡特性的影响规律,并研究了桨叶离底距离对尾涡特性的影响。结果表明,径向速率分布差别不大,而长桨叶的轴向速率大于短桨叶,最大相差达40%。对于湍流动能,二者在近桨叶区数值相近,但在远桨叶区长叶桨较短叶桨的湍动要强,最大差值30%;对于尾涡特性,上下尾涡发展轨迹、涡量大小是不对称的,下尾涡较上尾涡发展稍快,且涡量较大,涡量大20%左右。     

Pyrolysis of oil at high temperatures: Gas potentials, chemical and carbon isotopic signatures

Although the gas cracked from oil has been believed to be one of the important sources in highly ma-tured marine basins, there are still some debates on its resource potentials and chemical and isotopic compositions. In this study a Cambrian-sourced marine oil sample from the Silurian reservoir of well TZ62 in the central Tarim basin was pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes with two different pyrolysis schemes: continuous pyrolysis in a closed system and stepwise semi-open pyrolysis. The results show that the maximum weight yield of C_1–5 gases occurs at EasyRo=2.3% and the residual gas poten-tial after this maturity is only 43.4 mL/g, about 12% of the yield of 361 mL/g at EasyRo=2.3%. Combined with the results of kinetic modeling, the main stage of gas generation from oil cracking is believed within the EasyRo=1.6%―2.3%. The increase in the volume yield of C_1–5 gases at EasyRo>2.3% in a closed system is mainly related to the re-cracking of previously formed C_2–5 wet gases, not the direct cracking of oil. The stepwise pyrolysis experiments show that the gas from the cracking of residual oil at EasyRo>2.3% is characterized by very high dryness index (higher than 92%) and heavy methane carbon isotopes ranging from -28.7‰ to -26.7‰, which is quite different from the gases from the con-tinuous pyrolysis in a closed system. The kinetic modeling of methane carbon isotope fractionation shows that the carbon isotopes of methane within the main stage of gas generation (EasyRo<2.3%) are far lighter than the carbon isotopes of the precursor oils under a geological heating rate of 2 ℃/Ma. The above observations and results provide some new clues to the accurate recognition and objective re-source evaluation of oil cracking gas in highly mature marine basins.