Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity

The dazzling diversity of the phytoplankton has puzzled biologists for decades. The puzzle has been enlarged rather than solved by the progressive discovery of new phototrophic microorganisms in the oceans, including picocyanobacteria, pico-eukaryotes, and bacteriochlorophyll-based and rhodopsin-based phototrophic bacteria. Physiological and genomic studies suggest that natural selection promotes niche differentiation among these phototrophic microorganisms, particularly with respect to their photosynthetic characteristics. We have analysed competition for light between two closely related picocyanobacteria of the Synechococcus group that we isolated from the Baltic Sea. One of these two has a red colour because it contains the pigment phycoerythrin, whereas the other is blue-green because it contains high contents of the pigment phycocyanin. Here we report theory and competition experiments that reveal stable coexistence of the two picocyanobacteria, owing to partitioning of the light spectrum. Further competition experiments with a third marine cyanobacterium, capable of adapting its pigment composition, show that this species persists by investing in the pigment that absorbs the colour not used by its competitors. These results demonstrate the adaptive significance of divergence in pigment composition of phototrophic microorganisms, which allows an efficient utilization of light energy and favours species coexistence.     

钴高速钢价电子结构与回火性能的研究

计算了含钴高速钢的价电子结构与共价键能 .发现 Co可增强奥氏体和马氏体基体金属原子间结合力 (键参数 nα相应提高 1 2 .5 %～ 30 %和 2 0 %～ 2 7% ) ,有利于更高温度奥氏体化及回火析出量增加 .Co削弱 C与近邻原子的键强与键能 ,提高 C的活度 ,但由于 W- Co,Mo- Co等强键存在 ,因此 Co促进了特殊碳化物的初始析出 ,却阻碍其聚集 ,结果在强化的 α相基体上形成数量更多、弥散程度更高的回火析出 ,提高了其淬火回火状态的室温硬度、高温硬度及红硬性 .