Barn owl diet includes mammal species new to the island fauna of the Great Salt Lake

An investigation of the diet of the Common Barn-owl ( Tyto alba ) on Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, yielded four mammal species not previously known to occur on any island in the Great Salt Lake ( Microtus pennsylvanicus, M. montanus, Ondatra zibethicus , and a Sorex sp.). Two other species, known from other islands, were added to the list of fauna of Antelope Island ( Perognathus parvus and Reithrodontomys megalotis ). The barn owl diet on Antelope Island was remarkably like that of barn owls feeding in farmlands adjacent to the Great Salt Lake despite major vegetational differences.     

Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation

According to Milankovitch theory, the lower summer insolation at high latitudes about 115,000 years ago allowed winter snow to persist throughout summer, leading to ice-sheet build-up and glaciation. But attempts to simulate the last glaciation using global atmospheric models have failed to produce this outcome when forced by insolation changes only. These results point towards the importance of feedback effects-for example, through changes in vegetation or the ocean circulation-for the amplification of solar forcing. Here we present a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere model of the last glaciation that produces a build-up of perennial snow cover at known locations of ice sheets during this period. We show that ocean feedbacks lead to a cooling of the high northern latitudes, along with an increase in atmospheric moisture transport from the Equator to the poles. These changes agree with available geological data and, together, they lead to an increased delivery of snow to high northern latitudes. The mechanism we present explains the onset of glaciation-which would be amplified by changes in vegetation-in response to weak orbital forcing.     

Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous: 40% of patients respond well to current therapy and have prolonged survival, whereas the remainder succumb to the disease. We proposed that this variability in natural history reflects unrecognized molecular heterogeneity in the tumours. Using DNA microarrays, we have conducted a systematic characterization of gene expression in B-cell malignancies. Here we show that there is diversity in gene expression among the tumours of DLBCL patients, apparently reflecting the variation in tumour proliferation rate, host response and differentiation state of the tumour. We identified two molecularly distinct forms of DLBCL which had gene expression patterns indicative of different stages of B-cell differentiation. One type expressed genes characteristic of germinal centre B cells ('germinal centre B-like DLBCL'); the second type expressed genes normally induced during in vitro activation of peripheral blood B cells ('activated B-like DLBCL'). Patients with germinal centre B-like DLBCL had a significantly better overall survival than those with activated B-like DLBCL. The molecular classification of tumours on the basis of gene expression can thus identify previously undetected and clinically significant subtypes of cancer.     

DNA repair nucleases

Stability of DNA largely depends on accuracy of repair mechanisms, which remove structural anomalies induced by exogenous and endogenous agents or introduced by DNA metabolism, such as replication. Most repair mechanisms include nucleolytic processing of DNA, where nucleases cleave a phosphodiester bond between a deoxyribose and a phosphate residue, thereby producing 5-terminal phosphate and 3-terminal hydroxyl groups. Exonucleases hydrolyse nucleotides from either the 5 or 3 end of DNA, while endonucleases incise internal sites of DNA. Flap endonucleases cleave DNA flap structures at or near the junction between single-stranded and double-stranded regions. DNA nucleases play a crucial role in mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair and double-strand break repair. In addition, nucleolytic repair functions are required during replication to remove misincorporated nucleotides, Okazaki fragments and 3 tails that may be formed after repair of stalled replication forks.Received 12 June 2003; received after revision 29 July 2003; accepted 16 September 2003     

Hämoglobin von «Alexandra-Typus» im ersten Lebensjahr

Summary From a series of 163 haemolysates from infants in their first year of life, 60 contained a minute haemoglobin fraction with the electrophoretic mobility of Hb Alexandra. The abnormal haemoglobin was visible in all cases only after benzidine staining. The highest frequency is found during the 2nd and 3rd month of life and concurs with the appearance of Hb A₂. Spectrophotometric analysis of the abnormal fraction reveals the typical picture of oxyhaemoglobin.     

The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is Macaca fascicularis (the 'kra' monkey); however, it is now increasingly recognized as a significant cause of human malaria, particularly in southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the first malaria parasite species in which antigenic variation was demonstrated, and it has a close phylogenetic relationship to Plasmodium vivax, the second most important species of human malaria parasite (reviewed in ref. 4). Despite their relatedness, there are important phenotypic differences between them, such as host blood cell preference, absence of a dormant liver stage or 'hypnozoite' in P. knowlesi, and length of the asexual cycle (reviewed in ref. 4). Here we present an analysis of the P. knowlesi (H strain, Pk1(A+) clone) nuclear genome sequence. This is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be described, and it provides an opportunity for comparison with the recently completed P. vivax genome and other sequenced Plasmodium genomes. In contrast to other Plasmodium genomes, putative variant antigen families are dispersed throughout the genome and are associated with intrachromosomal telomere repeats. One of these families, the KIRs, contains sequences that collectively match over one-half of the host CD99 extracellular domain, which may represent an unusual form of molecular mimicry.     

Hemoglobin

Zusammenfassung Kenntnisse über die Struktur des Hämoglobinmoleküls bilden den Ausgangspunkt zum Verständnis abnormer Blutfarbstoffvarianten. Anomalen Hämoglobinen liegen verschiedene Strukturanomalien zugrunde: Substitution oder Deletion einer oder mehrerer Aminosäuren in einer Polypeptidkette, durch verschiedenartiges «Crossing over» entstandene anomale neue Polypeptidketten oder eine ungewöhnliche Kombination an sich normaler Polypeptidketten. Bei zahlreichen anomalen Varianten lassen sich funktionelle Besonderheiten aus der Strukturanomalie ableiten. Funktionsanomalien kommen durch verminderte Löslichkeit, gesteigerte Oxydierbarkeit des Hämeisens, herabgesetzte Globinstabilität gegenüber oxydativen Noxen oder durch erhöhte Sauerstoffaffinität zustande. Ihre klinischen Folgen sind hämolytische Anämien, Methämoglobinämien und kompensatorische Polyglobulien.     

The filling mechanism of the swimbladder

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass die Erzeugung der hohen Gasdrucke, welche in der Schwimmblase von Tiefseefischen beobachtet werden, durchVervielfachung bekannter Konzentrier-Einzeleffekte in der durch das rete mirabile gegebenen Haarnadelgegenstromvorrichtung möglich ist.Der Konzentrier-Einzeleffekt — eine kleine Erhöhung der Gaskonzentration in den afferenten relativ zu benachbarten efferenten Kapillarelementen — dürfte bei allen Gasen durch eine geringe Erhöhung der Elektrolytkonzentration (Aussalzwirkung) zustande kommen.Im Falle von Sauerstoff überlagern sich der Aussalzwirkung bei Zusatz von Milchsäure die durch pH-Verschiebung bedingten Bohr- und Rooteffekte, wobei die Substanzen dem Blut am Scheitel des rete durch die dort befindliche Drüse zugefügt werden.Auf Grund der vorliegenden Berechnungen, die sich auf die beim Aal gegebenen Verhältnisse stützen, würde eine relative Erhöhung des Salzgehaltes um 0,02M/I im Falle von Stickstoff einen Einzeleffekt erzeugen, aus welchem infolge der durch das rete bewirkten Vervielfachung ein Partialdruck von etwa 25 Atm N₂ aufgebaut werden könnte.Eine relative Erhöhung des Milchsäuregehaltes in den efferenten Kapillaren um 45 mg% (beim Aalin vivo experimentell bestätigt) müsste für Sauerstoff einen Einzeleffekt hervorbringen, der bis zu Enddrucken von 3000 Atm multipliziert werden kann. Die genaue Analyse lässt in diesem Fall erkennen, dass bei niedrigen Partialdrücken der Bohr- und Rooteffekt, und nach Erreichung hoher O₂-Drücke, der Aussalzeffekt den im Gegenstrom vervielfachten Einzeleffekt bildet.Es wird ein Modellversuch beschrieben, bei welchem die Anreicherung eines Gases durch Vervielfachung des Aussalzeffektes in einer Gegenstromvorrichtung tatsächlich durchgeführt wurde.Es wird weiter darauf hingewiesen, dass der Vorgang im Gesamteffekt einenaktiven Transport darstellt und es wird die Herkunft der für einen solchen Vorgang benötigten freien Energie durch eine thermodynamische Betrachtung aufgezeigt.Im übrigen wurde versucht, die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Gegenstrom-Multiplikation verständlich zu machen, und bestehende Theorien über die Gaskonzentrierung in der Schwimmblase wurden im Lichte dieser Erkenntnisse einer sachlichen Diskussion und Kritik unterworfen.