Early SIV and HIV infection promotes the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs

Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) play a pivotal role in the early events that tip the immune response toward persistence or viral control. In vitro studies indicate that HIV infection induces the dysregulation of cDCs through binding of the LILRB2 inhibitory receptor to its MHC-I ligands and the strength of this interaction was proposed to drive disease progression. However, the dynamics of the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs during early immune responses against HIV are yet unknown. Here, we show that early HIV-1 infection induces a strong and simultaneous increase of LILRB2 and MHC-I expression on the surface of blood cDCs. We further characterized the early dynamics of LILRB2 and MHC-I expression by showing that SIVmac251 infection of macaques promotes coordinated up-regulation of LILRB2 and MHC-I on cDCs and monocytes/macrophages, from blood and lymph nodes. Orientation towards the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis starts from the first days of infection and is transiently induced in the entire cDC population in acute phase. Analysis of the factors involved indicates that HIV-1 replication, TLR7/8 triggering, and treatment by IL-10 or type I IFNs increase LILRB2 expression. Finally, enhancement of the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis is specific to HIV-1 and SIVmac251 infections, as expression of LILRB2 on cDCs decreased in naturally controlled chikungunya virus infection of macaques. Altogether, our data reveal a unique up-regulation of LILRB2 and its MHC-I ligands on cDCs in the early phase of SIV/HIV infection, which may account for immune dysregulation at a critical stage of the anti-viral response.     

悬崖上的玫瑰园

<正>几片玫瑰花瓣飘到了艾茵村的坎儿井中。这是一种具有典型的阿曼风格的水渠。玫瑰花瓣随着水渠中的水流漂荡,绕过一片片种植着玫瑰花的土地。正是因为有了这些植物,阿卡达尔才远近驰名。要知道,阿卡达尔直译过来便是"绿山"。继续漂流的花瓣迅速绕过种满了石榴树、桃树、杏树的园子。最后,花瓣在重力的作用下逐渐消失不见了。几千年来,在阿卡达尔村得益于     

美国人重拾家庭影院梦

在美国富裕群体中,家庭影院的普及率较高.金融危机迫使美国人暂时放弃这一爱好.如今,随着美国经济逐渐复苏,家庭影院又一次受到追捧.不过,在家里享受极致观影体验的花费确实不菲.     

卡塔尔之夜

正多哈是一座不断给人惊喜的城市。从踏入多哈的科尼什大道开始便令人心醉神迷。科尼什大道是一条与法国蓝色海岸的盎格鲁滨海步行道相仿的海滨大道,全长8千米,沿海湾展开的科尼什大道两旁也种满了棕榈树,不同的是,走在科尼什大道上能感觉来到了22世纪,耸立     

2014年的智能发明

<正>如果说需要是发明之母,创造性、想象力、决心或者运气便是发明之父。一项具有突破性的发明问世需要具备很多因素。例如利用距地面305米的风能,在数秒内闭合枪伤,挥挥手指便可发送文字短信,以及将普通公民送入太空等,让我们的日常生活更便利。     

《超级战舰》

中文名称:《超级战舰》又名:超级战舰:异形海战(港)/战舰导演:彼得·博格主演:连姆·尼森/亚历山大·斯卡斯加德/泰勒·克奇/乔什·平茨/布鲁克琳·黛克/蕾哈娜/杰西·普莱蒙/浅野忠信类型:动作/战争/科幻/惊悚制片国     

模糊滑动控制的一般方法(英文)

陈述了一种新的模糊逻辑控制方法,它可消除滑动控制所固有的抖动问题。方法的推导是将多开关滑动控制问题简化成等效的单开关问题。控制规律显示它是一种模糊滑动控制的一般方法。文献中的其他方法可由此法导出。模糊推理规则由两个输入变量组成。第一个输入变量是系统状态到所预定的状态空间中的超平面之间的方向距离;第二个输入变量的选择可根据应用而定,例如方向距离的导数、控制设计者所感兴趣的特定变量,或者某些状态变量的加权之和。这个新方法易于在高阶系统中实现,并且可以直接而明确地控制系统的动态过程。它消除了滑动控制和经典模糊滑动控制中的抖动问题。此外。新方法比其他类似方法的控制要简单。稳定性和性能分析显示了此法的有效性。此法已用于一带有典型驱动和反馈传感器的工业直流电机的位置控制之中。     

Lithospheric structure of the Rio Grande rift

A high-resolution, regional passive seismic experiment in the Rio Grande rift region of the southwestern United States has produced new images of upper-mantle velocity structure and crust-mantle topography. Synthesizing these results with geochemical and other geophysical evidence reveals highly symmetric lower-crustal and upper-mantle lithosphere extensional deformation, suggesting a pure-shear rifting mechanism for the Rio Grande rift. Extension in the lower crust is distributed over a region four times the width of the rift's surface expression. Here we propose that the laterally distributed, pure shear extension is a combined effect of low strain rate and a regionally elevated geotherm, possibly abetted by pre-existing lithospheric structures, at the time of rift initiation. Distributed extension in the lower crust and mantle has induced less concentrated vertical mantle upwelling and less vigorous small-scale convection than would have arisen from more localized deformation. This lack of highly focused mantle upwelling may explain a deficit of rift-related volcanics in the Rio Grande rift compared to other major rift systems such as the Kenya rift.     

日本的精神故乡

在奈良的旅行是从药师寺开始的,原因是到达奈良后乘近铁下车后步行五分钟就是药师寺,这里分成两个部分北边的是玄奘三藏院,南边的是白凤伽蓝（药师寺主院）。占地面积不小,但基本都是新建的,