Global warming and climate forcing by recent albedo changes on Mars

For hundreds of years, scientists have tracked the changing appearance of Mars, first by hand drawings and later by photographs. Because of this historical record, many classical albedo patterns have long been known to shift in appearance over time. Decadal variations of the martian surface albedo are generally attributed to removal and deposition of small amounts of relatively bright dust on the surface. Large swaths of the surface (up to 56 million km2) have been observed to darken or brighten by 10 per cent or more. It is unknown, however, how these albedo changes affect wind circulation, dust transport and the feedback between these processes and the martian climate. Here we present predictions from a Mars general circulation model, indicating that the observed interannual albedo alterations strongly influence the martian environment. Results indicate enhanced wind stress in recently darkened areas and decreased wind stress in brightened areas, producing a positive feedback system in which the albedo changes strengthen the winds that generate the changes. The simulations also predict a net annual global warming of surface air temperatures by approximately 0.65 K, enhancing dust lifting by increasing the likelihood of dust devil generation. The increase in global dust lifting by both wind stress and dust devils may affect the mechanisms that trigger large dust storm initiation, a poorly understood phenomenon, unique to Mars. In addition, predicted increases in summertime air temperatures at high southern latitudes would contribute to the rapid and steady scarp retreat that has been observed in the south polar residual ice for the past four Mars years. Our results suggest that documented albedo changes affect recent climate change and large-scale weather patterns on Mars, and thus albedo variations are a necessary component of future atmospheric and climate studies.     

太极拳干预社区中老年人亚健康状态的临床随机对照试验

目的:评价太极拳干预中老年亚健康的疗效。方法:采用随机单盲方法,将符合亚健康诊断标准的受试者100例,随机分为太极拳干预组和一般运动干预组。两组受试者分别进行每周三次,每次30min的太极拳锻炼和一般体育运动锻炼,疗程均为16周。临床疗效观察采用SF-36生命质量评分。结果:太极拳干预组生命质量干预前后评分差值与一般体育运动组比较显示:在总体健康和生命活力两个维度的差异有统计学意义。结论:太极拳较一般运动能更好地改善中老年亚健康人群生命质量。     

福建省青少年游泳运动员比赛表现的影响因素探析

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法,对影响福建省青少年游泳运动员比赛表现的影响因素进行研究。经过对34个因素进行因子分析,得出影响运动员比赛表现的影响因素的9个主因子。对9大因子进行分析得知,运动员比赛表现是个人技战术水平、心理能力、客观环境、人为因素、赛前准备、教练信任、对手作用、最佳体验与自我评价等多方面因素影响的结果,为我国游泳运动员训练和赛前控制比赛状态提供理论参考。     

基于人力资本视角下上海市高校体育教师培训体系的研究

运用人力资本理论,从改善上海市高校体育教师培训质量,优化体育教师人力资本等角度探讨了构建上海市高校体育教师培训体系的必要性,并设计出由培训需求评价、培训计划制定、培训过程实施与控制以及培训效果评估等各环节共同组成的科学培训体系。     

Drying-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles

Systems far from equilibrium can exhibit complex transitory structures, even when equilibrium fluctuations are mundane. A dramatic example of this phenomenon has recently been demonstrated for thin-film solutions of passivated nanocrystals during the irreversible evaporation of the solvent. The relatively weak attractions between nanocrystals, which are efficiently screened in solution, become manifest as the solvent evaporates, initiating assembly of intricate, slowly evolving structures. Although certain aspects of this aggregation process can be explained using thermodynamic arguments alone, it is in principle a non-equilibrium process. A representation of this process as arising from the phase separation between a dense nanocrystal 'liquid' and dilute nanocrystal 'vapour' captures some of the behaviour observed in experiments, but neglects entirely the role of solvent fluctuations, which can be considerable on the nanometre length scale. Here we present a coarse-grained model of nanoparticle self-assembly that explicitly includes the dynamics of the evaporating solvent. Simulations using this model not only account for all observed spatial and temporal patterns, but also predict network structures that have yet to be explored. Two distinct mechanisms of ordering emerge, corresponding to the homogeneous and heterogeneous limits of evaporation dynamics. Our calculations show how different choices of solvent, nanoparticle size (and identity) and thermodynamic state give rise to the various morphologies of the final structures. The resulting guide for designing statistically patterned arrays of nanoparticles suggests the possibility of fabricating spontaneously organized nanoscale devices.     

拓展训练在大学生情商教育中的价值探析

情商教育是高校教育中十分重要的环节,对大学生综合素质的培养有着重要意义。目前很多大学生情商较低,拓展训练作为高校情商教育的载体,能够提高大学生自信心、毅力、合作能力、人际交往能力和认知情绪能力。     

当代大学生体育消费特点及倾向性之研究

我国大学生体育消费特点呈现多样化的特点:1)体育消费动机多样化;2)实物型体育消费为主、参与型、观赏型体育消费为辅;3)体育消费能力存在较大的差异性。大学生未来的体育消费倾向呈现两大特点:1)体育消费意愿呈现增长态势;2)体育消费投入出现两极分化局面。根据我国大学生体育消费特点提出以下建议:1)加大终身体育教育理念的宣传;2)加大体育消费指导;3)加快学校体育社团建设。     

低盐刺激下副溶血弧菌基因转录表达分析

目的:应用全基因组DNA芯片技术分析低盐冷刺激作用下副溶血弧菌基因的转录表达变化.方法:分别采用"低盐持续刺激培养(continuous growth,CTG)"和"中间转入低盐环境培养(shift growth,STG)".CTG和STG下.分别采用含NaCl浓度为2%和0.66%的MV-5培养基孵育副溶血弧菌,收集菌体,提取RNA,应用全基因组DNA芯片分别比较两个不同的转录表达谱基因变化特点,分析其作用规律.同时,应用实时定量逆转录多聚酶联反应对芯片结果进行验证.结果:和对照组相比,STG实验中,共有205个基因的转录表达发生显著性变化,上调的基因占优势地位;CTG实验中,总计有298个基因的转录表达发生显著性变化,上、下涮的基因总体基本趋于平衡状态,没有明显差异.实时定量逆转录多聚酶联反应结果证实其和芯片数据结果有很强的相关性.结论:在低盐这一"胁迫环境"下,副溶血弧菌利用其存在的独特而精细的应对机制,能够顽强的生存下来并繁衍生殖,这一过程中,节能调节处于调控的核心地位.     

Die Induktion lysogener Bakterien durch Nitrosamide

Summary N, N-dinitroso-N, N-dimethyloxamide and N, N-dinitroso-N, N-dimethylterephtal acid amide, both mutagenic for yeast cells, induce phage production by lysogenicEscherichia coli K12 () cells.