Geochemical evidence for magmatic water within Mars from pyroxenes in the Shergotty meteorite

Observations of martian surface morphology have been used to argue that an ancient ocean once existed on Mars. It has been thought that significant quantities of such water could have been supplied to the martian surface through volcanic outgassing, but this suggestion is contradicted by the low magmatic water content that is generally inferred from chemical analyses of igneous martian meteorites. Here, however, we report the distributions of trace elements within pyroxenes of the Shergotty meteorite--a basalt body ejected 175 million years ago from Mars--as well as hydrous and anhydrous crystallization experiments that, together, imply that water contents of pre-eruptive magma on Mars could have been up to 1.8%. We found that in the Shergotty meteorite, the inner cores of pyroxene minerals (which formed at depth in the martian crust) are enriched in soluble trace elements when compared to the outer rims (which crystallized on or near to the martian surface). This implies that water was present in pyroxenes at depth but was largely lost as pyroxenes were carried to the surface during magma ascent. We conclude that ascending magmas possibly delivered significant quantities of water to the martian surface in recent times, reconciling geologic and petrologic constraints on the outgassing history of Mars.     

多项式微分系统的不变直线的不同斜率的最大个数

本文证明了公式β（ｎ）＝σ（ｎ－１）＋１其中α（ｎ－１）是ｎ－１次多项式微分系统的不为直线的最多条数，βｎ）是ｎ次多项式微分系统的不变直线的不同斜率的最大个数。这里假设所讨论的多项式系统只有限条不变直线。     

Insights into Wnt binding and signalling from the structures of two Frizzled cysteine-rich domains.

Members of the Frizzled family of seven-pass transmembrane proteins serve as receptors for Wnt signalling proteins. Wnt proteins have important roles in the differentiation and patterning of diverse tissues during animal development, and inappropriate activation of Wnt signalling pathways is a key feature of many cancers. An extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) at the amino terminus of Frizzled proteins binds Wnt proteins, as do homologous domains in soluble proteins-termed secreted Frizzled-related proteins-that function as antagonists of Wnt signalling. Recently, an LDL-receptor-related protein has been shown to function as a co-receptor for Wnt proteins and to bind to a Frizzled CRD in a Wnt-dependent manner. To investigate the molecular nature of the Wnt signalling complex, we determined the crystal structures of the CRDs from mouse Frizzled 8 and secreted Frizzled-related protein 3. Here we show a previously unknown protein fold, and the design and interpretation of CRD mutations that identify a Wnt-binding site. CRDs exhibit a conserved dimer interface that may be a feature of Wnt signalling. This work provides a framework for studies of homologous CRDs in proteins including muscle-specific kinase and Smoothened, a component of the Hedgehog signalling pathway.     

软扩频多址信号盲分离

为解决软扩频信号多址干扰问题,根据不同用户信息彼此独立且扩频码不相关的特点,采用多个接收端接收数据并运用Fast-ICA算法,实现了Walsh码软扩频多址信号盲分离及伪码序列估计。首先根据已知的伪码速率和伪码周期对接收信号进行采样分组,接着利用主分量分析法对分组信号进行降维白化,最后应用Fast-ICA算法实现软扩频多址信号的盲分离和伪码序列估计。仿真结果表明:该算法在一定信噪比范围内能够实现不多于5个用户的Walsh码软扩频多址信号盲分离并估计出伪码序列。     

4-Dedimethylamino-4-epiamino-5a,6-anhydrotetracycline

Zusammenfassung Die Isolierung sowie die chemischen, biologischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften von 4-Dedimethylamino-4-epiamino-5a,6-anhydrotetracyclin werden beschrieben. Die Beziehungen zu anderen Anhydrotetracyclinen werden diskutiert.