多项式微分系统的不变直线的不同斜率的最大个数

本文证明了公式β（ｎ）＝σ（ｎ－１）＋１其中α（ｎ－１）是ｎ－１次多项式微分系统的不为直线的最多条数，βｎ）是ｎ次多项式微分系统的不变直线的不同斜率的最大个数。这里假设所讨论的多项式系统只有限条不变直线。     

Invariants of phylogenies in a simple case with discrete states

Under a simple model of transition between two states, we can work out the probabilities of different data outcomes in four species with any given phylogeny. For a given tree topology, if all characters are evolving under the same probabilistic model, there are two quadratic forms in the frequencies of outcomes that must be zero. It may be possible to test the null hypothesis that the tree is of a particular topology by testing whether these quadratic forms are zero. One of the tests is a test for independence in a simple 2×2 contingency table. If there are differences of evolutionary rate among characters, these quadratic forms will no longer necessarily be zero.