Electrical and band-gap properties of amorphous zinc-indium-tin oxide thin films

Zinc-indium-tin oxide (ZITO) films were grown by pulsed-laser deposition.Three different material compositions were investigated:ZITO-30,ZITO-50 and ZITO-70 in which 30％,50％ and 70％,respectively,of the...     

Electrical and band-gap properties of amorphous zinc–ind ium–tin oxide thin films

Zinc–indium–tin oxide (ZITO) films were grown by pulsed-laser deposition. Three different material compositions were investigated: ZITO-30, ZITO-50 and ZITO-70 in which 30%,50% and 70%, respectively, of the indium in the In2O3 structure was replaced by substitution with zinc and tin in equal molar proportions (co-substitution): In22xZnxSnxO3, where x=0.3, 0.5, 0.7. All ZITO films grown at room temperature were amorphous. The first evidence of crystallinity was observed at higher deposition-temperature as the degree of co-substitution was increased. A decrease in mobility and conductivity was also observed as the degree of co-substitution was increased. The highest mobility for ZITO-30 and ZITO-50 was observed at deposition temperatures just prior to crystallization. The effect of deposition temperature on carrier concentration was minor compared to the effect of oxygen partial pressure during deposition.     

Altered circadian rhythm of catecholamines in patients with apallic syndrome

Summary Circadian rhythms of catecholamines were investigated in 4 healthy subjects and in 6 patients suffering from an apallic syndrome. The clinical picture of this syndrome is characterized by disturbed consciousness (coma vigile), by suspension of the sleeping and waking rhythm, by lack of emotional reactions and by appearance of primitive motor patterns. 5 of the 6 apallic patients showed an abolished rhythmicity compared with the control group. These results were interpreted as an indication that endogenous, centrally controlled processes are the cause of circadian rhythms.Acknowledgments. This study was supported by the Robert-Bosch-Stiftung, Stuttgart. The authors wish to thank P. Schaff of Max Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, for statistical analysis.     

Genome-wide association study of quantitative resistance to southern leaf blight in the maize nested association mapping population

Nested association mapping (NAM) offers power to resolve complex, quantitative traits to their causal loci. The maize NAM population, consisting of 5,000 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from 25 families representing the global diversity of maize, was evaluated for resistance to southern leaf blight (SLB) disease. Joint-linkage analysis identified 32 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with predominantly small, additive effects on SLB resistance. Genome-wide association tests of maize HapMap SNPs were conducted by imputing founder SNP genotypes onto the NAM RILs. SNPs both within and outside of QTL intervals were associated with variation for SLB resistance. Many of these SNPs were within or near sequences homologous to genes previously shown to be involved in plant disease resistance. Limited linkage disequilibrium was observed around some SNPs associated with SLB resistance, indicating that the maize NAM population enables high-resolution mapping of some genome regions.