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2.
A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
van Heel DA Franke L Hunt KA Gwilliam R Zhernakova A Inouye M Wapenaar MC Barnardo MC Bethel G Holmes GK Feighery C Jewell D Kelleher D Kumar P Travis S Walters JR Sanders DS Howdle P Swift J Playford RJ McLaren WM Mearin ML Mulder CJ McManus R McGinnis R Cardon LR Deloukas P Wijmenga C 《Nature genetics》2007,39(7):827-829
We tested 310,605 SNPs for association in 778 individuals with celiac disease and 1,422 controls. Outside the HLA region, the most significant finding (rs13119723; P = 2.0 x 10(-7)) was in the KIAA1109-TENR-IL2-IL21 linkage disequilibrium block. We independently confirmed association in two further collections (strongest association at rs6822844, 24 kb 5' of IL21; meta-analysis P = 1.3 x 10(-14), odds ratio = 0.63), suggesting that genetic variation in this region predisposes to celiac disease. 相似文献
3.
Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium;Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium 《Nature genetics》2007,39(11):1329-1337
We have genotyped 14,436 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) and 897 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tag SNPs from 1,000 independent cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and breast cancer (BC). Comparing these data against a common control dataset derived from 1,500 randomly selected healthy British individuals, we report initial association and independent replication in a North American sample of two new loci related to ankylosing spondylitis, ARTS1 and IL23R, and confirmation of the previously reported association of AITD with TSHR and FCRL3. These findings, enabled in part by increased statistical power resulting from the expansion of the control reference group to include individuals from the other disease groups, highlight notable new possibilities for autoimmune regulation and suggest that IL23R may be a common susceptibility factor for the major 'seronegative' diseases. 相似文献
4.
Lanigan F O'Connor D Martin F Gallagher WM 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(24):3159-3184
During its lifetime, the mammary gland undergoes many phases of development and differentiation. Much of this occurs during
puberty, when the ductal epithelium expands by branching morphogenesis, invading the surrounding fat pad to form an organised
mammary tree. Throughout its existence, the epithelium will go through several cycles of proliferation and cell death during
pregnancy, lactation and involution. Many of the signalling mechanisms which control the initial invasion of the fat pad by
the epithelium, and regulate its continuing plasticity, can be harnessed or corrupted by tumour cells in order to support
their aberrant growth and progression towards invasion. This is true not just for the epithelial cells themselves but also
for cells in the surrounding microenvironment, including fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes. This review examines the
complex web of signalling and adhesion interactions controlling branching morphogenesis, and how their alteration can promote
malignancy. Current in vivo and in vitro mammary gland models are also discussed. (Part of a Multi-author Review) 相似文献
5.
田长霖 《西安交通大学学报》1994,28(5):9-30
近年来,在制造具有新颖结构的微型器件和材料(例如微电子器件、微机电系统和各种先进材料)方面取得了巨大的进展。这种发展使得热科学领域中的热现象。从发生在大量级结构中转移到发生在级结构中。对于更好地理解和控制能量传递而言,这种转移既提出了挑战又提供了机遇。本文从微尺寸、微结构和微时间三方面说明了上述微量级热现象。 相似文献
6.
Summary An ectomycorrhiza, a specialized root organ, is the result of a complex interaction leading to a finely-tuned symbiosis between a plant and a compatible ectomycorrhizal fungus. Ultrastructural observations combined with cytochemical and biochemical studies reveal that structural and metabolic changes in the symbiont cells lead to the final phenotype of the active ectomycorrhiza. In the present review these changes are interpreted as changes in gene expression and discussed within the context of ectomycorrhiza development. Recent genetic data indicate that the continued vegetative growth of the ectomycorrhizal hyphae and the root tissues, and their ability to switch to symbiotic organ formation, is basically controlled by developmentally critical genes. The activity of these symbiotic genes during the differentiation of ectomycorrhizas is associated with extensive changes in the concentration of particular polypeptides and protein biosynthesis. The present state of knowledge about the developmental biology of ectomycorrhizas allows only speculation about the events during their development.Puisant mes forces aux sources des galaxies En buvant la sève des arbres M. Jonasz 相似文献
7.
In multivariate discrimination of several normal populations, the optimal classification procedure is based on quadratic discriminant functions. We compare expected error rates of the quadratic classification procedure if the covariance matrices are estimated under the following four models: (i) arbitrary covariance matrices, (ii) common principal components, (iii) proportional covariance matrices, and (iv) identical covariance matrices. Using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate expected error rates, we study the performance of the four discrimination procedures for five different parameter setups corresponding to standard situations that have been used in the literature. The procedures are examined for sample sizes ranging from 10 to 60, and for two to four groups. Our results quantify the extent to which a parsimonious method reduces error rates, and demonstrate that choosing a simple method of discrimination is often beneficial even if the underlying model assumptions are wrong.The authors wish to thank the editor and three referees for their helpful comments on the first draft of this article. M. J. Schmid supported by grants no. 2.724-0.85 and 2.038-0.86 of the Swiss National Science Foundation. 相似文献
8.
M. D. Adams J. T. Earnhardt B. R. Martin L. S. Harris W. L. Dewey R. K. Razdan 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1977,33(9):1204-1205
Summary Abnormal-8-tetrahydrocannabidiol (ABN-8-THC) failed to elicit central nervous system and cardiovascular effects in laboratory animals. Abnormal-cannabidiol (ABN-CBD) was also devoid of overt behavioral effects but produced marked hypotension with only slight bradycardia in anesthesized dogs.Acknowledgment. This work was supported by NIDA (grant No. DA-00574-01 and DA-00490) and Virginia Heart Society (grant No. RR-05697) 相似文献
9.
乳液型丙烯酸酯复合胶的研制 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
通过采用预乳化和半连续法乳液聚合工艺,合成了一种水乳型丙烯酸酯复合胶。探讨了反应温度、引发剂用量、单体配比、功能性单体的用量等因素对复合胶性能的影响。 相似文献
10.
制备一种利用4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole—biphenyl(CBP)作为超薄空穴注入缓冲层.CBP作为一种较好的缓冲材料,改善了有机发光器件的性能.CBP阻挡部分从阳极ITO注入到有机层NPB的空穴,从而平衡了空穴和电子的注入.有缓冲层的有机发光器件比没有缓冲层有机发光器件的电流效率有了明显的提高.当缓冲层CBP为4nm时,最大电流效率在8V时达到5.66cd/A,这是没有缓冲层器件电流效率的近1.5倍. 相似文献