用正电子湮没寿命谱学法研究聚四氟乙烯改性和结晶度关系

该文首次提出用ｅ￣＋湮没寿命谱学参数计算ＰＴＦＥ的结晶度：研究了退火、￣（６０）Ｃｏ的低剂量照射对结晶度影响的机理；揭示出次长成份是ｅ￣＋、Ｏ－Ｐｓ捕获态的过渡态，在该态中不存在Ｐ－Ｐｓ的捕获湮没。     

粤北清远-英德地区震旦系乐昌峡群中金等微量元素的分布特征

粤北清远-英德地区震旦系乐昌峡群变质地层是新洲褶皱式逆冲推覆构造的外来系统。对其系统的地球化学研究结果表明,乐昌峡群为Au-As-Bi-W组合型含金类复理石建造。建造中金含量是上部大陆地壳金平均含量的两倍左右,而砷、铋、钨含量则为地壳平均含量的五倍以上;同时,锑、锡、铼、镱等元素轻度富集,并以金与其它微量元素关系均不密切以及银、铜、铅、镍含量较低为其特征。含金类复理石建造中金的富集与该建造中普遍分布的含金黄铁矿密切相关;建造中金、砷、银、铋、钨及稀土等元素的分布状态与新洲金矿物质组成之间存在着密切的成因联系。     

On the ultrastructure of mammalian tendon

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass die zwischen gekreuzten Nicols für die Rattenschwanzsehne nachgewiesenen periodischen Bänder von fibrillären Strukturelementen ebener Wellenform abstammen und deren Ausstreckung das beobachtete Dehnungsverhalten erklärt², das auch für andere Säugetiere zutrifft.     

关于Fuzzy拓扑空间的可数性

本文以Lowen给出的对应,进一步讨论了模糊拓扑空间(X,)和拓扑空间(X,)之间在可数性方面的关系,我们发现,(X,)中的许多可数性质都可以被(X,w)所继承.     

MYH9 is associated with nondiabetic end-stage renal disease in African Americans

As end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has a four times higher incidence in African Americans compared to European Americans, we hypothesized that susceptibility alleles for ESRD have a higher frequency in the West African than the European gene pool. We carried out a genome-wide admixture scan in 1,372 ESRD cases and 806 controls and found a highly significant association between excess African ancestry and nondiabetic ESRD (lod score = 5.70) but not diabetic ESRD (lod = 0.47) on chromosome 22q12. Each copy of the European ancestral allele conferred a relative risk of 0.50 (95% CI = 0.39-0.63) compared to African ancestry. Multiple common SNPs (allele frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 0.6) in the gene encoding nonmuscle myosin heavy chain type II isoform A (MYH9) were associated with two to four times greater risk of nondiabetic ESRD and accounted for a large proportion of the excess risk of ESRD observed in African compared to European Americans.     

基于浓缩理论的大型压裂破胶优化技术及应用

针对储层孔、渗条件很差的致密砂岩油气藏,常规的破胶剂加量技术已经不能满足大型压裂对破胶的更高要求,在考虑了压裂液在地层中由于滤失而产生浓缩效应的基础上,提出了一种新的压裂液破胶优化技术。通过压裂施工裂缝温度场模拟,不同温度条件下的破胶实验以及考虑液体滤失浓缩后的破胶实验,认为大型压裂施工现场破胶剂加量应该在常规加量基础上进行一定程度的增加,才能保证大型压裂的破胶效果,实现快速排液,降低伤害。该破胶优化技术在CX491井155.6m³大规模压裂施工成功应用,开井17h液体返排率达到了74.9%,且返排液破胶彻底,天然气测试产量从射孔后的0.2×10⁴m³/d（敞井）增加到14×10⁴m³/d（井口压力22MPa）,目前该技术正在川西地区大型压裂施工中逐步推广。     

Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast

Establishing the conditions that promote the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation has long been a goal in evolutionary biology. In ecological speciation, reproductive isolation between populations evolves as a by-product of divergent selection and the resulting environment-specific adaptations. The leading genetic model of reproductive isolation predicts that hybrid inferiority is caused by antagonistic epistasis between incompatible alleles at interacting loci. The fundamental link between divergent adaptation and reproductive isolation through genetic incompatibilities has been predicted, but has not been directly demonstrated experimentally. Here we empirically tested key predictions of speciation theory by evolving the initial stages of speciation in experimental populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After replicate populations adapted to two divergent environments, we consistently observed the evolution of two forms of postzygotic isolation in hybrids: reduced rate of mitotic reproduction and reduced efficiency of meiotic reproduction. This divergent selection resulted in greater reproductive isolation than parallel selection, as predicted by the ecological speciation theory. Our experimental system allowed controlled comparison of the relative importance of ecological and genetic isolation, and we demonstrated that hybrid inferiority can be ecological and/or genetic in basis. Overall, our results show that adaptation to divergent environments promotes the evolution of reproductive isolation through antagonistic epistasis, providing evidence of a plausible common avenue to speciation and adaptive radiation in nature.     

Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida

Deuterostomes comprise vertebrates, the related invertebrate chordates (tunicates and cephalochordates) and three other invertebrate taxa: hemichordates, echinoderms and Xenoturbella. The relationships between invertebrate and vertebrate deuterostomes are clearly important for understanding our own distant origins. Recent phylogenetic studies of chordate classes and a sea urchin have indicated that urochordates might be the closest invertebrate sister group of vertebrates, rather than cephalochordates, as traditionally believed. More remarkable is the suggestion that cephalochordates are closer to echinoderms than to vertebrates and urochordates, meaning that chordates are paraphyletic. To study the relationships among all deuterostome groups, we have assembled an alignment of more than 35,000 homologous amino acids, including new data from a hemichordate, starfish and Xenoturbella. We have also sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Xenoturbella. We support the clades Olfactores (urochordates and vertebrates) and Ambulacraria (hemichordates and echinoderms). Analyses using our new data, however, do not support a cephalochordate and echinoderm grouping and we conclude that chordates are monophyletic. Finally, nuclear and mitochondrial data place Xenoturbella as the sister group of the two ambulacrarian phyla. As such, Xenoturbella is shown to be an independent phylum, Xenoturbellida, bringing the number of living deuterostome phyla to four.