Running energetics in the pronghorn antelope

The pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) has an alleged top speed of 100 km h-1, second only to the cheetah (Acionyx jubatus) among land vertebrates, a possible response to predation in the exposed habitat of the North American prairie. Unlike cheetahs, however, pronghorn antelope are distance runners rather than sprinters, and can run 11 km in 10 min, an average speed of 65 km h-1. We measured maximum oxygen uptake in pronghorn antelope to distinguish between two potential explanations for this ability: either they have evolved a uniquely high muscular efficiency (low cost of transport) or they can supply oxygen to the muscles at unusually high levels. Because the cost of transport (energy per unit distance covered per unit body mass) varies as a predictable function of body mass among terrestrial vertebrates, we can calculate the predicted cost to maintain speeds of 65 and 100 km h-1 in an average 32-kg animal. The resulting range of predicted values, 3.2-5.1 ml O2 kg-1 s-1, far surpasses the predicted maximum aerobic capacity of a 32-kg mammal (1.5 ml O2 kg-1 s-1). We conclude that their performance is achieved by an extraordinary capacity to consume and process enough oxygen to support a predicted running speed greater than 20 ms-1 (70 km h-1), attained without unique respiratory-system structures.     

非正式支持与心理健康的三大来源:中美老人比较

研究调查中美老年人三大非正式支持--家庭、朋友和邻里,以及心理健康--自尊、抑郁和孤独的来源.研究结果发现:家庭的支持是美国老年人的健康最期望来源,而在中国则为邻里与朋友的支持.     

The presence of methane in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet

Molecules present in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets are expected to influence strongly the balance of atmospheric radiation, to trace dynamical and chemical processes, and to indicate the presence of disequilibrium effects. As molecules have the potential to reveal atmospheric conditions and chemistry, searching for them is a high priority. The rotational-vibrational transition bands of water, carbon monoxide and methane are anticipated to be the primary sources of non-continuum opacity in hot-Jupiter planets. As these bands can overlap in wavelength, and the corresponding signatures from them are weak, decisive identification requires precision infrared spectroscopy. Here we report a near-infrared transmission spectrum of the planet HD 189733b that shows the presence of methane. Additionally, a resolved water vapour band at 1.9 mum confirms the recent claim of water in this object. On thermochemical grounds, carbon monoxide is expected to be abundant in the upper atmosphere of hot-Jupiter planets, but is not identifiable here; therefore the detection of methane rather than carbon monoxide in such a hot planet could signal the presence of a horizontal chemical gradient away from the permanent dayside, or it may imply an ill-understood photochemical mechanism that leads to an enhancement of methane.     

Effect of sex hormones on plasma cholesterol in castrated and noncastrated male rats

The administration of estradiol to both castrated and noncastrated male rats was associated with significantly increased plasma cholesterol levels as compared to controls, the estradiol in the noncastrated rats overriding the tendency of testosterone to lower plasma cholesterol.     

Structure of a family of rat amylase genes

The sequences of two cloned rat pancreatic amylase cDNAs comprising 95% of the mRNA sequence are reported. Analysis of cloned rat genomic DNA fragments using cloned cDNA probes indicates that the rat genome contains multiple closely related amylase genes in which the cDNA sequences are distributed within a region 9 kilobases in length and are interrupted by at least seven intervening sequences.     

Radiation inactivation of purified lysine vasopressin

Résumé De la lysine vasopressine de haute pureté a été irradiée à l'air et dans une atmosphère d'argon sous une pression réduite à l'aide de doses progressives d'électrons monoénergétiques de 2 MeV. La vaso-constriction a été mesurée chez le rat et cette activité a diminué d'une manière exponentielle en fonction de la dose d'irradiation administrée. En utilisant la théorie anticathode deLea, le poids moléculaire a été estimé à partir du taux de perte de l'activité. En supposant que chaqueionisation effective avait lieu à l'intérieur d'une molécule, le poids moléculaire estimé à partir des valeurs obtenues dans l'air a été de 1,1 · 10 (95% se situant de 9,0 · 10² à 1,3 · 10³), et à partir des valeurs obtenues dans l'argon, il a été de 7,1 · 10² (5,3–9,0 · 10³). En supposant que chaquefaisceau d'ionisation prenait place à l'intérieur d'une molécule, le poids moléculaire estimé était de 3,0 · 10³. Des analyses d'acides aminés de la lysine vasopressine irradiée à 2,5 · 10⁸ et à 10,0·10⁸ rads ont été faites et comparées à celles effectuées sur l'hormone non traitée. Aux deux dosages d'irradiation, la destruction des acides aminés a été observée. La cystine a été l'acide aminé qui a été détruit dans la plus grande proportion; plus des 2/3 détruits à la plus grande dose d'irradiation étudiée. On a donc conclu que dans le but de faire des estimations des poids moléculaires des polypeptides aussi petites que la vasopressine, on devrait faire des suppositions toutes différentes de celles qui avaient été conventionnellement utilisées pour les polypeptides plus grandes et pour les protéines. En plus de la fragmentation des protéines, l'irradiation semble provoquer la destruction des acides aminés particuliers.