Regulation of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum by cyclic diguanylic acid

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable carbon resource on earth and is an indispensable raw material for the wood, paper, and textile industries. A model system to study the mechanism of cellulose biogenesis is the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum which produces pure cellulose as an extracellular product. It was from this organism that in vitro preparations which possessed high levels of cellulose synthase activity were first obtained in both membranous and soluble forms. We recently demonstrated that this activity is subject to a complex multi-component regulatory system, in which the synthase is directly affected by an unusual cyclic nucleotide activator enzymatically formed from GTP, and indirectly by a Ca (2+) -sensitive phosphodiesterase which degrades the activator. The cellulose synthase activator (CSA) has now been identified as bis-(3' 5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (5'G3'p5'G3'p) on the basis of mass spectroscopic data, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and comparison with chemically synthesized material. We also report here on intermediary steps in the synthesis and degradation of this novel circular dinucleotide, which have been integrated into a model for the regulation of cellulose synthesis.     

^210Pbex depth distribution in soil and calibration models for assessment of soil erosion rates from ^210Pbex measurements

Throughout the past decade, the potential for using nuclear weapon-produced 137Cs ( half-life 30.2 a) fallout to quantify soil erosion rates on both cultivated and uncul- tivated lands for medium-term timescales (≈ 40 a) has been successfully demonstrated in a wide range of envi- ronments in different regions of the world[1—6]. Because in difficulties of distinguishing Chernobyl-derived compo- nent from total 137Cs input in many parts of Europe, and in measuring low activity samples of…     

B2结构纳米晶Ru40Al60和Ru的制备

纳米晶材料由于其物理特性显著不同于常规粗晶材料而引起人们的极大兴趣和受到广泛重视。近年来,人们发现机械合金化是制备纳米晶的最有效方法之一,通过强烈的机械形变和破碎,可以容易地得到极细的晶粒。最近,一种结合机械合金化与化学浸出法的技术     

工业化初期墨西哥地方市政府决策之经济人类学研究

向城市贫困人口提供廉价的生活物资和基本服务是发展中国家面临的一个主要问题,尤其是在工业化的早期。从经济角度来讲,向这一群体提供服务是至关重要的,因为大部分的劳动力来自于这一群体,而劳动力是国家工业化的一个要素。从历史角度来看,向这一群体提供服务属于地方市政府的职责。因此,通过对地方政府决定的研究,可以找到与提供生活必需品政策相关的问题的最佳答案。工业化发展初期的墨西哥,是研究此类动态变化的理想之地。