福州盆地南北港冲淤规律与洪涝灾害对策

本文探讨了福州盆地南北港冲淤规律，近年来北港洪水分流量呈上升趋势，洪峰对北港的压力加大，文中还对福州城防洪涝灾害的措施等方面作了研究。     

Erosion and Sediment Production in Small Watershed in Purple Hilly Areas and Prevention Techniques

Purple Soil distributes extensively and mainly in China. Because of abundant easily weatherable parent rocks/materials and unstable soil structure, and also influenced by parent materials, usage systems, and slope gradients, erosion and sediment production of purple soils are very severe with main fashions of water erosion and gravitational erosion. Basing on observed data in small watersheds, rainfall erosivity,vegetation coverage, previous soil water content, flow and relating factors such as climate, topograph of small watershed,land usage, and soil kinds are all the influence factors of erosion and erodibility of purple soil as well as sediment production and transport in small watershed of purple hilly areas.The effective technological countermeasures of ecosystem restoration, agricultural tillage for water conservation and erosion prevention, agriculture project, and soil changing for fertility and anti-erosion were provided.     

Impoverishment of Soil Nutrients in Gully Erosion Areas in Yuanmou Basin

The impoverishment of soil nutrients of nine gully head areas in Yuanmou Basin is assessed through an integrated evaluation method established on the basis of Fuzzy mathematics and multivariate mathematical theory. Results show that soil erosion of gully erosion area in Yuanmou basin has resulted in severe impoverishment of soil nutrients. All gully head areas are at high leves of impoverishment except for one at middle. By probing into and analyzing the mechanism of impoverishment of soil nutrients, we find that soil erosion has led to impoverishment of soil nutrients in a way of compacting soil, heightening position of obstacle horizon, and reducing the content of organic matter, as well as the direct loss of nutrient elements. Finally, this paper points out that soil and water conservation arming at the prevention of soil erosion is the most effective way against impoverishment of soil nutrients in Yuanmou basin.     

陕晋蒙交界地带披砂岩丘陵区的侵蚀及其治理

晋陕蒙交界地带的披砂岩丘陵区是黄游中游河道粗泥沙的主要来源区之一。侵蚀十分严重,已导致沟谷面积迅速扩大,土层加速变薄及土壤中有机质和养分大量流失。强烈侵蚀的原因,一是历时短强度大的暴雨;二是水分入渗能力差.导致地表径流增大的披砂岩岩性特性;三是包括滥樵、乱垦和过牧的人类活动的影响。为了有效地防治披吵岩丘陵区的严重侵蚀,首先应以生物措施为主,工程措施为辅大力做好坡地的治理;其次,生物措施与工程措施并重,认真治理沟道;第三,必须制止乱垦,采用合理的耕作系统;第四,以草定畜,制止过牧。     

震区中小跨径桥梁墩柱配筋率取值范围

为研究配筋率对钢筋混凝土桥梁延性抗震性能的影响,并在不同设防烈度对主筋配筋率的合理取值进行细分。以钢筋混凝土桥梁为研究对象,通过拟静力模型试验与有限元数值分析的方法,研究竖向钢筋(主筋)配筋率对桥墩延性的影响,提出典型桥墩的多级性能水平量化指标;并探究在氯离子侵蚀的恶劣环境下,不同配筋率对桥梁抗震性能所带来的影响,从而对氯离子侵蚀环境下的震区中小跨径桥梁墩柱配筋率取值范围提供参考建议。结果表明：考虑氯离子侵蚀作用下的恢复力模型能够较好地反映刚度的退化特性,墩柱的最佳配筋率取值范围为1.11%～2.72%;当加速度为0.3g(g为重力加速度)时,仅从配筋率的角度已无法满足墩柱的损伤指标,建议采用减隔震体系进行抗震设计,如采用延性体系时配筋率不得小于2.64%。研究结果可为中小跨径连续桥梁抗震设计提供参考。     

海口分层流中的泥沙输运计算

本文展示了一个计算泥沙输运过程的三维数值模型,此模型的特点在于较准确地计入凝絮及河床侵蚀对于泥沙沉淀过程的影响,关于凝絮及侵蚀的定量计算模型已为大量实验所验证,且是首次被结合运用于三维输运计算。文中对于海湾区域的泥沙输运进行了数值研究,第一闪通过定量计算评实了所谓最大浑浊区的存在,并研究了影响其形成及强度的几个因素,这些计算结果不仅评实了数值模型的有效性,而且显示了其在泥沙输运研究方面的作用与潜力     

Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau

Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 20 degrees with an average of 18.2 degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 25 degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.     

空化水射流研究现状及其应用

综述了高压水射流技术发展及应用过程,认为空化水射流是一种富有发展前途的高效新型射流．通过对空化水射流机理、空化数和冲击压力两个重要空化参数的分析,显示了空化射流的潜在优势．实验表明人工淹没空化射流具有较强的冲蚀效果,并克服了靶距范围的不足．简要介绍了该技术应用于火箭发动机内脏固体推进剂清洗工程的射流系统设计．     

攀枝花地区水土流失动态变化研究

选择攀枝花市部分地区的Landsat-5 TM(1988年)和Landsat-7 ETM (1999年)遥感数据,通过遥感图像信息挖掘,提取植被覆盖度、沟谷分布、土地利用现状及土壤成土母质等信息,结合地形数据等水土流失因子;利用地理信息系统强大的空间分析功能,获取水土流失信息进行统计分析,对研究区水土流失的强度等级以及动态变化进行分析评价.研究表明,水土流失变化主要发生于植被覆盖不良的荒地和坡耕地上,其中坡耕地水土流失变得最严重,大部分为强度及强度以上级别水土流失区.从地貌上看,水土流失变化主要发生在低山、丘陵地区,这些地区人类活动频繁,植被破坏严重,大量开垦耕地,有利于水土流失发生.从岩类上看,半胶结砂岩、粘土岩岩组和紫红色泥岩、砂岩、页岩岩组分布区,由于多开垦为耕地,抗蚀能力弱,且多未实施保水保土措施,因此是水土流失严重的地区.     

环氧复合胶粘层的浆体冲蚀磨损性能

为了研制稀浆封层机搅拌叶片类的浆体冲蚀磨损件的高耐磨胶粘层，采用模拟工况的试验方法，对各种填料填充改性的环氧复合胶粘涂层进行了浆体冲蚀磨损性能试验，选用ZJM-20搅拌机，改装制作了试验用砂浆冲蚀磨损机。试验结果表明，环氧树脂交联固化度适中时，其耐磨性较好；填料填充量与其填充改性环氧复合胶粘层的耐磨性存在最佳加入量关系；以最佳加入量填充纳米晶铁铬合金粉和石墨环氧复合胶粘层的耐磨性最好，比无胶粘层的钢板耐磨性提高5～10倍。