粗糙脉孢菌中几丁质合酶1缺失突变体的构建及表型分析

在丝状真菌中,几丁质是真菌细胞壁的主要成分之一,对维持细胞形态和结构起到了重要的作用.几丁质是由几丁质合酶(chitin synthase,CHS)催化合成的,几丁质合酶参与生物钟调节的生理活动.本文以丝状真菌粗糙脉孢菌几丁质合酶1(CHS-1)为研究对象,通过同源重组基因敲除技术、电转化、分生孢子过膜以及PCR鉴定的方法,获得了chs-1缺失突变菌株CHS-1KO.通过竞争性生长管(racetube)培养分析发现:对照Ku70RIP和突变菌株CHS-1KO(Ku70RIP背景)均具有明显的分生孢子带,但分生孢子带昼夜节律周期缩短,直线生长速率显著减慢,ku70RIP菌丝生长长度是3.4±0.31 cm/24 h,而突变菌株CHS-1KO(Ku70RIP背景)菌丝生长长度是2.07±0.19 cm/24 h.并进一步结合细胞壁染色对细胞形态分析发现:变菌株CHS-1KO菌丝沿生长方向膨胀、分支变短.这些结果表明:几丁质合酶1在粗糙脉孢菌分生孢子带昼夜节律形成和菌丝生长中发挥重要的作用.     

西瓜八氢番茄红素合成酶基因全长的克隆与表达分析

通过RT-PCR和RACE技术从西瓜果实中克隆八氢番茄红素合成酶（PSY）基因的cDNA全长,用生物信息学方法对其cDNA序列及推测氨基酸序列进行分析,并用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究PSY在不同瓤色西瓜果实发育过程中的表达情况.结果表明,PSY基因cDNA全长1 561 bp（GenBank登录号为KC166870）,其开放阅读框为1 266 bp,编码421个氨基酸.该基因及其推导的氨基酸序列与同为葫芦科的其他植物的PSY及氨基酸序列的同源性分别为87％和91％以上;序列分析显示,PSY氨基酸序列N末端存在转运肽信号序列.不同瓤色西瓜果实发育过程中PSY的表达存在明显差异,红瓤果实中的表达量最高,这表明PSY可能与红瓤果实中积累较多的类胡萝卜素有关;PSY的表达量均高于PSY-A,推测PSY基因主要负责果实中类胡萝卜素的合成.     

孤立条件下α-丙氨酸分子手性转变机制的密度泛函理论

使用基于密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31+g(d,p)水平上的计算,研究孤立条件下的α-丙氨酸分子手性转变过程.通过寻找包括过渡态和中间体的反应过程各极值点结构,绘制完整的α-丙氨酸分子手性转变路径反应势能面,并分析各极值点的几何和电子结构特性.结果表明:S型α-丙氨酸分子手性碳上的氢原子以羧基上的氧原子为桥梁,转移至手性碳原子的另一侧,实现了从S型到R型α-丙氨酸分子的手性转变;该路径有1个中间体和2个过渡态,最大的反应能垒为326.6kJ/mol,来源于第一个过渡态TS1.     

Diversity and dispersal history of the talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) of Bermuda

Five taxa of talitrid amphipods were found in the archipelago of Bermuda, of which three were recorded there for the first time. Four of these are supralittoral wrack generalists: Platorchestia monodi BOLD:AAB3402, (a unique Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit according to the Barcode Index Number system), a related species recognized by molecular methods, Platorchestia platensis BOLD:AAA2949, Mexorchestia carpenteri carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491 and Tethorchestia antillensis; and one a terrestrial leaf-litter generalist: Talitroides alluaudi. A key is provided to discriminate between the formally described talitrids of Bermuda. Dispersal mechanisms from the American continent to Bermuda were considered for all taxa based on species distributions along the North American Atlantic coast and also investigated by molecular methods, using genetic population differentiation and haplotype network analysis based on the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. For P. monodi BOLD:AAB3402 the genetic results suggest that some dispersal events occurred before human colonization of Bermuda but are equivocal about the source population and therefore the direction of dispersal. Some very recent synanthropic dispersal is possible with this species. For the other two species studied genetically, P. platensis BOLD:AAA2949 and M. c. carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491, the small population samples analysed support dispersal to Bermuda from the American mainland, before human occupation of Bermuda, although the available sample size was limited for these species. The available limited direct, non-genetic evidence supports synanthropic transport for Talitroides alluaudi. Platorchestia monodi BOLD:AAB3402 is found in the same wrack habitat as P. platensis BOLD:AAA2949 on Bermuda, apparently without interbreeding. No evidence was found that driftwood specialist talitrids had become established in Bermuda.     

α-硫辛酸治疗糖尿病周围神经病变疗效研究

目的探讨α-硫辛酸治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床疗效.方法对收治的330例糖尿病周围神经病变患者进行回顾分析,随机分为2组,每组165例,观察组给予α-硫辛酸治疗,对照组给予甲钴胺治疗,比较两组治疗效果、治疗后神经传导速度改善情况和不良反应.结果观察组总有效率为92.7%,对照组总有效率为77.6%,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗前肌电图神经传导速度测定比较无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组肌电图神经传导速度(51.39±4.61)m/s较对照组(47.08±4.35)m/s有显著提高(P0.05);两组患者均完成治疗,无不良反应发生.结论α-硫辛酸可有效改善患者的临床症状和体征,改善神经传导速度,且安全性高,是治疗DPN的有效方法.     

双α-链对角占优矩阵线性互补问题的误差界

根据双α-链对角占优矩阵的定义与性质,给出其线性互补问题的误差界.数值实例显示该误差界在判定线性互补问题近似解的精确性中是有效的.     

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology

In 1980, Furchgott and Zawadzki demonstrated that the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to acetylcholine is dependent on the anatomical integrity of the endothelium. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor was identified 7 years later as the free radical gas nitric oxide (NO). In endothelium, the amino acid L-arginine is converted to L-citrulline and NO by one of the three NO synthases, the endothelial isoform (eNOS). Shear stress and cell proliferation appear to be, quantitatively, the two major regulatory factors of eNOS gene expression. However, eNOS seems to be mainly regulated by modulation of its activity. Stimulation of specific receptors to various agonists (e.g., bradykinin, serotonin, adenosine, ADP/ATP, histamine, thrombin) increases eNOS enzymatic activity at least in part through an increase in intracellular free Ca²⁺. However, the mechanical stimulus shear stress appears again to be the major stimulus of eNOS activity, although the precise mechanisms activating the enzyme remain to be elucidated. Phosphorylation and subcellular translocation (from plasmalemmal caveolae to the cytoskeleton or cytosol) are probably involved in these regulations. Although eNOS plays a major vasodilatory role in the control of vasomotion, it has not so far been demonstrated that a defect in endothelial NO production could be responsible for high blood pressure in humans. In contrast, a defect in endothelium-dependent vasodilation is known to be promoted by several risk factors (e.g., smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia) and is also the consequence of atheroma (fatty streak infiltration of the neointima). Several mechanisms probably contribute to this decrease in NO bioavailability. Finally, a defect in NO generation contributes to the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension. Elucidation of the mechanisms of eNOS enzyme activity and NO bioavailability will contribute to our understanding the physiology of vasomotion and the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, and could provide insights for new therapies, particularly in hypertension and atherosclerosis.     

Nitric oxide biosynthesis, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and arginase competition for L-arginine utilization

Nitric oxide (NO) is a recently discovered mediator produced by mammalian cells. It plays a key role in neurotransmission, control of blood pressure, and cellular defense mechanisms. Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) catalyze the oxidation of L-arginine to NO and L-citrulline. NOSs are unique enzymes in that they possess on the same polypeptidic chain a reductase domain and an oxygenase domain closely related to cytochrome P450s. NO and superoxide formation as well as NOS stability are finely regulated by Ca²⁺/calmodulin interactions, by the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and by substrate availability. Strong interactions between the L-arginine-metabolizing enzymes are clearly demonstrated by competition between NOSs and arginases for L-arginine utilization, and by potent inhibition of arginase activity by N^ω-hydroxy-L-arginine, an intermediate in the L-arginine to NO pathway.