Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms

Autophagic degradation of cytoplasm (including protein, RNA etc.) is a non-selective bulk process, as indicated by ultrastructural evidence and by the similarity in autophagic sequestration rates of various cytosolic enzymes with different half-lives. The initial autophagic sequestration step, performed by a poorly-characterized organelle called a phagophore, is subject tofeedback inhibition by purines and amino acids, the effect of the latter being potentiated by insulin and antagonized by glucagon. Epinephrine and other adrenergic agonists inhibit autophagic sequestration through a prazosin-sensitive ₁-adrenergic mechanism. The sequestration is also inhibited by cAMP and by protein phosphorylation as indicated by the effects of cyclic nucleotide analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and okadaic acid.Asparagine specifically inhibits autophagic-lysosomal fusion without having any significant effects on autophagic sequestration, on intralysosomal degradation or on the endocytic pathway. Autophaged material that accumulates in prelysosomal vacuoles in the presence of asparagine is accessible to endocytosed enzymes, revealing the existence of an amphifunctional organelle, the amphisome. Evidence from several cell types suggests that endocytosis may be coupled to autophagy to a variable extent, and that the amphisome may play a central role as a collecting station for material destined for lysosomal degradation.Protein degradation can also take place in a salvage compartment closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this compartment unassembled protein chains are degraded by uncharacterized proteinases, while resident proteins roturn to the ER and assembled secretory and membrane proteins proceed through the Golgi apparatus. In thetrans-Golgi network some proteins are proteolytically processed by Ca²⁺-dependent proteinases; furthermore, this compartment sorts proteins to lysosomes, various membrane domains, endosomes or secretory vesicles/granules. Processing of both endogenous and exogenous proteins can occurr in endosomes, which may play a particularly important role in antigen processing and presentation. Proteins in endosomes or secretory compartments can either be exocytosed, or channeled to lysosomes for degradation. The switch mechanisms which decide between these options are subject to bioregulation by external agents (hormones and growth factors), and may play an important role in the control of protein uptake and secretion.     

公路客运量预测方法的比较

科学准确地预测公路客运量,超前掌握公路客运量发展的趋势、特点、规律和数量,是制定公路客运发展和站场配置规划的基础。运用灰色模型、指数平滑模型、回归分析法、弹性系数法等多种预测模型对某城市2003~2015年公路客运量进行了分析预测,通过残差分析和绝对百分误差(MAPE)进行择优,提高了预测精确度。最后采用组合预测确定终值并进行了分析比较。结果表明,组合预测综合考虑了各种因素的影响,能够提高公路客运量预测精度,为公路客运发展提供科学决策依据。     

关于公交车调度问题的研究

公交车的调度问题是现代城市交通中的一个突出问题，本文通过对一条线路上各时段、各站点的上下乘客数的调查统计．根据一些合理假设．并在优先考虑公交公司利益同时兼顾乘客利益的基础上建立了一个公交车调度的数学模型。再针对一条实际的公交线路．利用计算机语言编程的方法对模型进行了验证。     

摆式客车倾摆控制系统神经网络预测控制

考虑伺服电机及机械系统的非线性对车体倾摆的影响，并包括伺服电机的饱和非线性特性的影响在内，采用神经网络方法对非线性特性的动态系统的输入输出关系进行辨识研究，建立摆式客车伺服系统神经网络非线性模型；提出在摆式客车中运用神经网络预测控制结合鲁棒控制的复合控制系统，解决这类非线性系统的控制问题，即应用神经网络进行辨识及预测控制．研究表明，从理论及工程应用角度看神经网络预测控制都是切实可行的，为在摆式客车倾摆控制系统中应用神经网络预测方法提供了一个新的方向．     

A multi-layer zone model for predicting temperature distribution in a fire room

Modelingoffireinacompartmentcanbeachievedeitherusingazonemodelingmethodoracomputationalfluiddynamics (CFD )modelingmethod .Themostcommonzonemodelisthetwo zonemodel.Themaincharacterofthismodelisthatitdividestheroom (s)intoahot ,upperlayerandacooler,lowerlayer ,andthatthephysicalpropertiesofeachlayer ,suchasitsgastemperatureandspeciesconcentrationsarealluniform .Somemodelsofthistypehavebeendeveloped[1～3] ,andacomprehensivereviewoftheexistingtwo zonefiremodelscanbefoundinreference [4 ].Thecomp…     

公交IC卡收费系统与客流数据采集、处理

根据目前国内公交收费的发展趋势,设计出用于对客流等数据采集的IC卡自动收费系统,并提出利用它来进行客流等数据采集、处理的新方案.与人工调查相比,它的投入小得多,并且可以提供大量详细、准确的动态数据,对城市公交以及公交的智能化调度、线路的开辟、优化、站点的设置等都具有极其重要的意义.     

基于交通出行行为的郑焦城际公交客流预测

通过统计分析郑焦城际公交乘客的个人属性和出行信息,选择灰色模型对客流进行建模、预测和精度检验,得到模型的平均相对误差为3.98%,精度为96.02%,较好地满足了精度要求。该研究为郑焦城际公交的组织优化提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

多车型条件下机场接送服务的协作调度优化

针对多车型机场接送服务,建立了以最少行驶总里程数为目标的协作调度模型.根据模型特点,提出用于模型求解的启发式优化算法.该方法在初步规划出基本路径后,寻找出需要一辆车单独服务的载客点,即孤立点.分别考虑了孤立点与基本路径的协作方式、剩余基本路径与已和孤立点协作的基本路径的协作方式,以及最终剩余路径之间的协作方式,由此获得了协作模式下的车辆调度方案.仿真实验证明,本文提出的协作调度模型及优化算法能有效降低机场接送服务的运营成本.     

高速磁浮上海示范线的建设

为慎重决策未来中国高速地面客运交通系统，我国政府反复研究后决定在上海建设高速磁浮列车示范运营线，以获取高速磁浮系统与高速轮轨系统技术，安全，经济性的详细对比数据，介绍了建在上海的世界第一条高速磁浮列车商业运营线的工程概况，建立进展和一些重要技术问题，着重介绍本工程建设中结合中国实际在德国TR线路技术的基础上进行若干技术改进，并探讨了高速磁浮交通技术在我国的发展前景。     

客车空调多元平行流冷凝器模型

文章分析了客车空调的运行特点以及对冷凝器的性能要求,介绍了多元平行流冷凝器的技术优势,对平行流冷凝器的流动和换热过程进行了深入分析,建立了一维准稳态数值计算模型,并在BJX10E客车空调上进行了应用设计和空调性能对比实验。结果证明,平行流冷凝器性能较传统的管片式冷凝器有较大提高,是一种可以提高客车空调能效、实现轻量小型化的新型换热器。