真菌毒素在食品工业中的危害与控制

真菌毒素污染是当前国际食品安全问题的一个重要议题,简要回顾了人类历史上由真菌毒素污染产生的食品安全事件,介绍了真菌毒素污染对于人类健康的危害;并对真菌毒素防毒去毒技术现状进行介绍,概述食品产业各环节应对真菌毒素污染的基本方案.     

饲料的防霉与去毒技术

主要论述了饲料中霉菌的污染、主要毒素和近年来防霉与去毒技术的研究进展     

Alternariol,a dibenzopyrone mycotoxin ofAlternaria spp., is a new photosensitizing and DNA cross-linking agent

Summary The mycotoxin alternariol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyldibenzo [a] pyrone) but not alternariol monomethyl ether (3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methyldibenzo [a] pyrone) is phototoxic toEscherichia coli in the presence of near UV light (320–400 nm). The phototoxicity bioassays with a DNA repair-deficient mutant ofE. coli suggested that DNA may be the molecular target for photo-induced toxicity of alternariol. Interactions between alternariol and double-stranded, supercoiled DNA suggest that alternariol interacts with DNA by intercalation. No DNA breakage was detected in this system; however, alternariol forms a complex and cross-links double-stranded DNA in near UV light. These results suggest that alternariol is a new phototoxic, DNA-intercalating agent and is a DNA cross-linking mycotoxin in near UV light.Acknowledgment. Dr Albert Stoessl (Agriculture Canada, London, Ontario, Canada) generously provided a mixture of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, and made many helpful suggestions. Dr Ashwood-Smith (University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) kindly supplied the microorganisms through Dr G.H.N. Towers (University of British Columbia, Vancouver). We gratefully acknowledge the gifts. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the able assistance of Mr S. Tallevi.     

农产品和饲料中常见真菌毒素的种类和危害

对黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、展青霉素等常见真菌毒素的来源、种类、特点、毒性等进行了介绍,并进一步阐述真菌毒素对人类和动物健康的影响及国内外对农产品及饲料中真菌毒素控制的相关法律、法规和标准.     

空气真菌及其毒素研究现状

对不同环境下气载真菌及其分布规律的研究现状进行了综述。阐述了空气真菌的危害机理、气传真菌引起的职业性真菌病及造成这种危害的临界值,介绍了空气真菌的检测方法,为深入开展空气真菌研究和有效控制其危害提供理论指导。     

基于光谱技术的食品中常见真菌毒素的快速检测研究进展

真菌毒素广泛存在于食品中,特别是谷物和谷物制品,严重危害着人类和动物的安全和健康.随着色谱技术、免疫化学以及光、电、声等领域的不断发展,检测真菌毒素的方法出现多样化,各种方法的优缺点共存,如何快速、灵敏、准确、方便地进行检测成为目前形势发展下的要求.介绍了几种真菌毒素的性质、限量和检测现状,并综述了基于拉曼光谱的真菌毒素检测技术,及其在不同真菌毒素检测实验中的应用.     

禽类真菌感染及其毒素中毒后免疫反应研究进展

综述了禽类抗真菌感染中体液免疫、细胞免疫及细胞因子的作用.真菌毒素通过抑制免疫球蛋白合成、效应细胞活力及抑制DNA和蛋白质合成来影响免疫机能,且免疫抑制作用与真菌毒素种类和剂量有关.最后探讨了血清学诊断技术的应用和疫苗的研发前景.     

Carcinogenesis switched on by DNA cross-link between complementary bases aroused by aflatoxin and N-nitroso compounds

The di-region theory put forward by Dai Qianhuan, a molecular mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis, concluded that the carcinogenesis induced by most of the environmental carcinogens is switched on by the cross-linking between DNA complementary bases aroused by the bifunctional alkylation of their metabolic intermediates. It was evidenced in this paper with DNA filter elution method that one carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin G1, four carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, N-nitrosodiethyl-amine, N-nitrosodibutyl-amine, N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine, one carcinogenic diazo color, 4-dimethylaminodiazobenzene and one carcinogenic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, quinoline, all induced DNA interstrands cross-linking with dosage correlation after metabolic activation. However, the non-carcinogens in corresponding series for control, aflatoxin B2, N-nitroso-diphenylamine, 4′-bromo-4-dimethylaminodiazobenzene and isoquinoline, cannot induce DNA interstrands cross-linking at all in the same condition. A method for the determination of cross-linking ratio between DNA complementary bases in total DNA interstrands cross-linking, which has no monitoring measure as yet, has been established for the first time based upon a 24 hour repairing experiment. The DNA complementary pair cross-linking ratio induced by a metabolized carcinogen is correlated with its carcinogenic potential. It may be concluded that the mutations including point and frameshift mutagenesis induced by aflatoxin and other carcinogens are switched on by their corresponding cross-linking base pair between complementary bases. Therefore, the di-region theory is a reasonable molecular mechanism for chemical, endogenous and physical carcinogenesis.