上海市地理景观对夏季蚊虫孳生的影响

利用遥感和地理信息系统提取2007—2008年夏季上海市蚊虫监测点缓冲区的土地利用状况和景观多样性数据,分析了区域水体、植被空间分布等区域景观特征及其变化对蚊虫密度消长的影响,为城市化过程中的蚊害防控提供参考依据.结果表明,本研究区内蚊虫密度与景观多样性、水网密度和植被密度成正相关关系,与景观破碎度成负相关关系,50%~70%植被覆盖度环境更有利于蚊虫繁殖,水域及水利设施用地的蚊虫密度高于其他用地类型.2007—2008年上海市夏季郊区的蚊虫密度高于市区,城市建设对蚊虫密度消长有重要影响.     

Malarial parasites complete sporogony in axenic mosquitoes

Summary To obtain sporogonic stages of malaria free from microbial contaminants for in vitro studies,Anopheles stephensi were reared under sterile conditions using a mosquito cell line as larval food. The adult females, kept in sterile humidified containers and allowed to engorge on parasitemic hamsters, supported the sporogonic development of the rodent malarial parasitePlasmodium berghei. In 10 experiments, the proportion of infected mosquitoes varied from 0 to 92%, and the geometric mean number of oocysts per female mosquito from 2.5 to 58,6, with a range of 1 to 548. The average number of salivary gland sporozoites per infected mosquito was determined by direct sporozoite counts in the pooled homogenate of the thoraces of all female mosquitoes. In five experiments, it varied from 2.7×10³ to 9.0×10³. The sterile sporozoites, harvested on day 19 or 20 after the infective blood meal, were as infective for rodents as nonsterile ones.Supported in part by Public Health Service research grant AI 18345 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by a grant from the Agency of International Development DSPE-5542-G-SS-3042-00, and by a Charles and Johanna Busch award.     

Malaria prophylaxis in travellers: The current position

Summary Malaria prevention is a main challenge for physicians, nurses, health officers and tour operators. The attack rate of malaria in travellers is 1–10/10,000 departures, and the case fatality rate of imported malaria is around 0.5/100. Travellers should be informed about the risk they are going to take, how to protect against mosquito bites, about the antimalarials they will have to take and about what to do when a malaria breakthrough should occur.The 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine, amodiaquine) remain the drug of choice for the prevention ofPlasmodium vivax and of sensitiveP. falciparum infections. The problem is to find an effective and safe drug combination for travellers to areas whereP. falciparum is either resistant to chloroquine, to Fansidar (the combination of pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine) or to both. These travellers will probably best be protected by an individually tailored drug combination, which includes amodiaquine or mefloquine as baseline drugs, and a supplementation with Fansidar, Maloprim (the combination of pyrimethamine with dapsone), paludrine or an antibiotic.     

The prey consumption and prey preference of the larvae of the mosquitoCulex (Lutzia) raptor on the larvae ofCulex quinquefasciatus

The maximum consumption of the larvae of the pest and vector mosquitoCulex quinquefasciatus by the predatory mosquitoCulex (Lutzia) raptor was studied at various instars of both the predator and the prey. The prey preferences of the predator when given lavae of different instars were also investigated. The IVth instar of the predator consumed the maximum number of Ist instar and the maximum biomass of IVth instar larvae of the prey. Instars I and II of the predator preferred the Ist of the prey; instars III and IV of the predator preferred instars II and III of the prey respectively.The predator consumed an average of 157.1 larvae during its whole larval period, when each instar of the predator was given its preferred instar of the prey.     

具有迁移性质的Ross Macdonald系统的格子Boltzmann方法

用格子Boltzmann方法研究描述疟疾病疟蚊系统的具有迁移性质的Ross Macdonald方程, 先构建Ross-Macdonald方程的格子Boltzmann模型, 再用该模型对疟疾病疟蚊系统进行数值模拟, 并将格子Boltzmann方法与有限差分方法的数值解进行比较. 结果表明, 该方法可用于模拟疟疾病疟蚊系统.     

黄斑大蚊的喜湿性及其翅膀、腿表面的超疏水性

黄斑大蚊的翅膀、腿表面有很好的超疏水性, 水滴在其表面的静态接触角分别为150°,155°, 滚动角接近5°, 通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现, 在黄斑大蚊的翅膀、腿表面分布有大量呈规则排列的微纳米级复合凹槽、乳突, 复合结构及其表面的低表面能物质的协同作用使其表面具有良好的超疏水性, 这一特性使黄斑大蚊能在潮湿的环境中自由生存. 本文用 Cassie 理论对这种超疏水性进行了理论分析.     

Replication pattern of double minutes derived from an insect cell line

Summary The DNA replication pattern of double minutes derived from an established cell line ofAedes albopictus is described. Although the vast majority of double minutes replicate semiconservatively once during the S phase, some double minutes appear to exhibit different pattern(s). Two theories are suggested as possible explanations of our findings.This work was supported by a grant from the Whitehall Foundation, Inc. awarded to A.B.M.     

The endogenous regulation of mosquito reproductive behavior

Summary Most female mosquitoes require a meal of blood that provides protein for egg maturation. For reproduction to occur, two behavioral sequences are essential. One is concerned with finding a host for the blood meal and the other in finding a site on which to lay the eggs that result. Stimuli from both hosts and oviposition sites initiate the reproductive behaviors of host-seeking and pre-oviposition, respectively, that are discussed in this review. After sensory receptors perceive these stimuli, the central nervous system must integrate the information and associate it with a biologically appropriate response. Host-seeking appears to be the default behavior, expressed whenever host stimuli are present. However, if the female is successful in locating a host and ingesting blood, subsequent host-seeking is inhibited when the meal distends the abdomen above a certain threshold. Host-seeking inhibition continues during egg development as a result of a humoral mechanism even after the blood volume has been reduced by digestion. At the time when eggs are maturing and host-seeking is inhibited, pre-oviposition behavior predominates if the central nervous system receives oviposition site stimuli. This behavior is also initiated by a humoral factor. Several physiological states, including insemination, age, and nutrition, can modulate both host-seeking and pre-oviposition behaviors.     

N,N-二乙基间甲基苯甲酰胺的合成研究

N,N-二乙基间甲基苯甲酰胺 ,简称 DETA或 DEET是一种特效驱蚊剂 ,也是一种广谱驱虫剂 ,具有安全无毒、使用方便等特点。本文研究了以间甲基苯甲腈及二乙胺基锂为原料采用“一锅法”合成 DETA.