科学大家关于创新之问

 一些杰出的中国科学家，不仅取得了出色的科学成就，对中国的科技与教育发展也极为关切。在专业研究之外，在科学与社会之间，他们同样遗留下了丰富的思想遗产。以“科学大家关于创新之问”为视角，梳理了彭桓武、杨振宁、周光召、郝柏林、李政道、冯端等几位著名科学家围绕中国科技创新话题所做的深思与探索。     

世界一流科技社团发展现状国际比较——基于实践动态的视角

 以世界一流科技社团2019年9月-2020年6月的新闻数据，分析总结了世界一流科技社团的实践动态及发展规律。研究发现：（1）国内科技社团强调党建引领，制度优势体现出强大的凝聚力；（2）国外科技社团更加善于聚合公共资源，并将产生的新知识转化为可供应用的产品和服务，推进科技与经济、创新链与产业链的融合；（3）国外科技社团善于通过多种形式发声，充分发挥决策者智库咨询的作用；（4）全球科技治理的实质性活动由国际化大型科技社团主导。中国科技社团需要重视决策咨询智库建设、为政府重大决策制定提供技术支撑；完善学术交流平台、创造有利于科技工作者的良好生态；为科技经济融合贡献智慧，推动互惠共享的国际科技交流合作。     

空间科学卫星项目的成本管理

 结合空间科学卫星项目的成本管理特点，根据项目管理理论和方法，以某空间科学卫星项目为例，对卫星项目成本管理过程进行实证研究，通过分析该卫星成本预算、成本控制等管理过程发现其存在的问题，提出改进方案、措施及项目成本管理改进的框架，探讨了项目负责人制的组织结构、项目成本管理体系、项目成本控制体系等具体优化措施。     

A new twist to the No Miracles Argument for the success of science

J. D. Trout has recently developed a new defense of scientific realism, a new version of the No Miracles Argument. I critically evaluate Trout's novel defense of realism. I argue that Trout's argument for scientific realism and the related explanation for the success of science are self-defeating. In the process of arguing against the traditional realist strategies for explaining the success of science, he inadvertently undermines his own argument.     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

Divergence of values and goals in participatory research

Public participation in scientific research has gained prominence in many scientific fields, but the theory of participatory research is still limited. In this paper, we suggest that the divergence of values and goals between academic researchers and public participants in research is key to analyzing the different forms this research takes. We examine two existing characterizations of participatory research: one in terms of public participants' role in the research, the other in terms of the virtues of the research. In our view, each of these captures an important feature of participatory research but is, on its own, limited in what features it takes into account. We introduce an expanded conception of norms of collaboration that extends to both academic researchers and public participants. We suggest that satisfying these norms requires consideration of the two groups' possibly divergent values and goals, and that a broad characterization of participatory research that starts from participants' values and goals can motivate both public participants’ role in the research and the virtues of the research. The resulting framework clarifies the similarities and differences among participatory projects and can help guide the responsible design of such projects.     

Quantum reality: A pragmaticized neo-Kantian approach

Despite remarkable efforts, it remains notoriously difficult to equip quantum theory with a coherent ontology. Hence, Healey (2017, 12) has recently suggested that “quantum theory has no physical ontology and states no facts about physical objects or events”, and Fuchs et al. (2014, 752) similarly hold that “quantum mechanics itself does not deal directly with the objective world”. While intriguing, these positions either raise the question of how talk of ‘physical reality’ can even remain meaningful, or they must ultimately embrace a hidden variables-view, in tension with their original project. I here offer a neo-Kantian alternative. In particular, I will show how constitutive elements in the sense of Reichenbach (1920) and Friedman (1999, 2001) can be identified within quantum theory, through considerations of symmetries that allow the constitution of a ‘quantum reality’, without invoking any notion of a radically mind-independent reality. The resulting conception will inherit elements from pragmatist and ‘QBist’ approaches, but also differ from them in crucial respects. Furthermore, going beyond the Friedmanian program, I will show how non-fundamental and approximate symmetries can be relevant for identifying constitutive principles.     

国际基于立方星平台的空间科学发展态势及启示

 空间科学主要是基于航天器平台获取实验数据、实现科学发现的重大前沿基础研究。中国实施了"悟空""慧眼"等一批较大的科学卫星任务。阐述了国际上重要科学发现和成果，提出当前国际上已认识到立方星在空间探索与发现中的重要作用；总结了美欧等航天强国和机构已实施和论证的若干立方星科学探测计划及取得的有影响力的原创科学成果，以及中国立方星技术演示验证和商业航天已取得的进展；提出了中国空间科学界应进一步关注立方星的发展，利用立方星平台开展研究，与传统大中型空间科学卫星形成互补，增强并拓展相关领域的探测能力，有效降低任务难度并缩短研制周期，促进中国空间科学取得更多重大发现和突破。     

数据科学范式下的钙钛矿结构铁电新材料研究

 材料基因组计划倡导预测式新材料研发理念，推进高通量数据生产和利用技术，关注材料全生命周期价值。因此，材料基因组计划的执行需要在材料科学系统工程的框架下，集成统一计算、实验和理论等研究方法，以数据科学新范式为牵引、协同运用实验观测、理论建模和计算仿真研究范式，最终建立相关材料体系的性能与材料基因（原子系统的组成与结构）、工艺参数与使役条件之间的量化关系和数据库，实现新材料的按需设计和应用。本文在简单探讨科学研究范式、材料基因组计划和材料科学系统工程基本概念和方法的基础上，以钙钛矿结构氧化物铁电压电材料研究为例，探讨了数据科学范式下的新材料研究实践。结果表明，数据挖掘驱动的新材料设计确实可以降低探索时间和实验任务，加快新材料的发现和应用进程。     

Klein-Weyl's program and the ontology of gauge and quantum systems

We distinguish two orientations in Weyl's analysis of the fundamental role played by the notion of symmetry in physics, namely an orientation inspired by Klein's Erlangen program and a phenomenological-transcendental orientation. By privileging the former to the detriment of the latter, we sketch a group(oid)-theoretical program—that we call the Klein-Weyl program—for the interpretation of both gauge theories and quantum mechanics in a single conceptual framework. This program is based on Weyl's notion of a “structure-endowed entity” equipped with a “group of automorphisms”. First, we analyze what Weyl calls the “problem of relativity” in the frameworks provided by special relativity, general relativity, and Yang-Mills theories. We argue that both general relativity and Yang-Mills theories can be understood in terms of a localization of Klein's Erlangen program: while the latter describes the group-theoretical automorphisms of a single structure (such as homogenous geometries), local gauge symmetries and the corresponding gauge fields (Ehresmann connections) can be naturally understood in terms of the groupoid-theoretical isomorphisms in a family of identical structures. Second, we argue that quantum mechanics can be understood in terms of a linearization of Klein's Erlangen program. This stance leads us to an interpretation of the fact that quantum numbers are “indices characterizing representations of groups” ((Weyl, 1931a), p.xxi) in terms of a correspondence between the ontological categories of identity and determinateness.