阳极修饰对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

利用PW12/rGO复合材料负载于碳布表面制得PW12/rGO修饰阳极并构建单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFC),考察了PW12/rGO修饰阳极对MFC产电和高氯酸盐(ClO4-)还原性能的影响,并通过对阳极表面形态及其电化学特性的分析,探讨了PW12/rGO修饰阳极改善MFC产电性能的机理.结果 表明,当ClO4-浓度为700 mg/L时,PW12/rGO修饰阳极MFC的最大输出电压和ClO4-平均去除速率分别为200.18 mV和1.15 kg/(m3·d),分别是空白阳极MFC的4.4倍和1.06倍;扫描电镜(SEM)表征显示,PW12/rGO修饰阳极表面附着的微生物量远高于空白阳极;Tafel曲线、循环伏安曲线(CV)和交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试表明,PW12/rGO修饰阳极较空白阳极具有更高的交换电流密度、CV电活性面积以及更低的电荷转移电阻.PW12/rGO修饰阳极提高了阳极电子产量和电子传递速率,进而改善了MFC的产电性能.     

电动汽车替代燃油车的气候和健康影响及社会成本——基于单车视角的成本效益分析

构建基于能源周期和全生命周期的分析框架, 借助基于概率分布的成本效益分析方法, 通过评估单辆纯电动汽车替代汽油车的气候和健康影响及相关社会成本, 探讨现阶段电动汽车替代传统燃油车能否实现气候、健康和社会福利的改进。研究结果表明, 在现有技术条件和电厂超低排放改造背景下, 尽管电动汽车替代传统燃油车在能源周期能够实现碳减排(约324元/(辆^.年))、健康损害降低(约343元/(辆^.年))以及可观的能源节约(约4315元/(辆^.年)), 但由于两种车辆之间巨大的制造成本差异(约1.6万元/(辆^.年)), 现阶段电动汽车对传统燃油车的全面替代并不能实现社会总体福利的改进。因此, 中国电动汽车推广政策短期内不应以全面替代为目标, 而应识别具有较高气候和健康效益以及具有较大能源节约潜力的区域优先推广。     

循环肿瘤细胞分离富集与分析检测技术的研究进展

癌症死亡患者中有90%由癌症转移引起,研究表明:患者的外周血、胸腔液等体液中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)与癌症转移及肿瘤结节转移(TNM)分期密切相关.因此,CTC检测在实体肿瘤前期诊断、预后及疗效评估等方面扮演着举足轻重的角色.该综述基于CTC区别于正常细胞的物理学、电学、生物学特征,总结了目前CTC分离富集及分析检测技术的研究进展,并就国内外CTC检测面临的挑战进行了讨论,对其未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于二次型跟踪器的实时能量管理优化策略

为了解决当前混合动力汽车能量管理策略不能同时兼顾最优性与实时性的问题，以采用行星式混合动力系统的物流车为研究对象，基于二次型跟踪器理论提出了一种可在线实时应用的能量管理优化策略。建立了行星式混合动力系统的线性数学模型，开发了直接节油型二次型跟踪器单自由度优化策略，基于MATLAB/Simulink软件平台进行了离线仿真验证，仿真结果表明该策略获得与全局优化算法相近的节油效果。在基于dSPACE/Simulator搭建的硬件在环平台上进行了硬件在环测试，测试结果表明该策略具有良好的实时应用性。     

Key technologies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems fueled impure hydrogen

Hydrogen energy and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells become concerned issues in recent years. Nevertheless, the construction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and hydrogen storage and transportation constrains the commercial development of fuel cells. In this review, sources, production, storage, transportation, and purification methods of hydrogen are extensively reviewed and compared. The advantages of utilizing industrial by-product hydrogen and steam reforming gas in PEM fuel cell systems are analyzed. Using industrial wasted hydrogen can significantly reduce the cost of hydrogen. Also, it is indicated that the onboard hydrogen generation by steam methanol reforming can solve the difficulties of efficient storage and transportation of gaseous hydrogen, which means that methanol has great potential to be a convenient carrier of hydrogen. The effects of impurities contained in the reformate gas are generally introduced. After the methanol steam reforming and pretreatment purification processes, the reformate gas can be fed to PEM fuel cells. Thus, a fuel cell system integrated with onboard hydrogen production and impure hydrogen treatment subsystems is introduced, and key technologies therein for pretreatment purification and in-situ poisoning mitigation methods are reviewed. Finally, suggestions are proposed for further studies.     

Janus few layered graphene with asymmetric wettability as anti-flooding cathode supports in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Water balance in cathode catalyst layer (CCL) is crucial for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report a novel strategy to develop a Janus few layered graphene particles (FLGP) with asymmetric wettability by varying the carbon precursors in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Using the Janus FLGP supported Pt with asymmetric wettability as the cathode of a PEMFC, a peak power density of 632 mW cm⁻² was achieved, which was about two-folds of the hydrophobic FLGP and three-folds of hydrophilic FLGP based cathode, respectively. The enhanced performance could be ascribed to the well-constructed three-phase boundary in an anti-flooding cathode, leading to enlarged electrochemical active surface area and facilitated mass transfer. This work may provide new clues for improving water management in PEMFCs.     

Patterning the neuronal cells via inkjet printing of self-assembled peptides on silk scaffolds

The patterning of neuronal cells and guiding neurite growth are important for neuron tissue engineering and cell-based biosensors. In this paper, inkjet printing has been employed to pattern self-assembled I₃QGK peptide nanofibers on silk substrates for guiding the growth of neuron-like PC12 cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the dynamic self-assembly of I₃QGK into nanofiber structures. The printed self-assembled peptide strongly adheres to regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) substrates through charge-charge interactions. It was observed that in the absence of I₃QGK, PC12 cells exhibited poor attachment to RSF films, while for RSF surfaces coated or printed with peptide nanofibers, cellular attachment was significantly improved in terms of both cell density and morphology. AFM results revealed that peptide nanofibers can promote the generation of axons and terminal buttons of PC12 cells, indicating that I₃QGK nanofibers not only promote cellular attachment but also facilitate differentiation into neuronal phenotypes. Inkjet printing allows complex patterning of peptide nanofibers onto RSF substrates, which enabled us to engineer cell alignment and provide an opportunity to direct axonal development in vitro. The live/dead assay showed that printed I₃QGK patterns exhibit no cytotoxicity to PC12 cells demonstrating potential for future nerve tissue engineering applications.     

Carbon-free nanoporous gold based membrane electrocatalysts for fuel cells

Nanoporous gold (NPG) membranes made by dealloying consist of a bicontinuous network of Au ligaments and open pore channels, which have gained considerable attention as a platform for the design of carbon-free electrodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Benefiting from a unique combination of high electronic conductivity, high surface area, and modifiable surface chemistry, these self-supporting membrane type electrodes allow integration of various structural functions required for specific electrode reactions and simultaneously facilitate the entire fuel cell kinetic process. In this review, we summarize the major research progresses in this area, with an emphasis on how to customize the surface structures of these three-dimensional electrocatalysts for desired fuel molecule oxidation and oxidant reduction. We will also discuss these designed structural characteristics that can be readily accommodated in membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), thus effectively bridging the technological gap between electrocatalysts’ intrinsic activities and their actual performances in fuel cells.     

汽车智能启停系统及制动能量回收策略性能分析

为了减少汽车行驶过程中能量消耗、减轻尾气排放对环境污染,同时对怠速及制动消耗能量再回收利用,对汽车智能启停技术及制动能量回收技术进行研究。首先介绍汽车启停系统研究背景、工作原理,及制动能量回收策略;其次运用advisor软件对汽车进行建模,并结合城市道路工况进行仿真分析;最后搭建试验台架,实验分析启停系统的燃油经济性及制动能量回收性能。结果表明:该启停系统百公里油耗降低,燃油经济性更好;能量回收策略通过回收制动能量更有效快速重启发动机,提高整车性能。     

P3HT和Spiro-OMeTAD共混物作为光活性层的杂化太阳电池性能

为降低电荷复合率,提高杂化太阳电池的性能,将P3HT与Spiro-OMeTAD共混后的混合物作为光活性层和空穴传输层,旋涂在Sb_2S_3纳米粒子敏化的TiO_2纳米棒(TiO_2NR/Sb_2S_3)复合膜上,制备成杂化太阳电池。通过SEM、紫外可见吸收光谱、XRD、电化学阻抗图谱、稳态荧光光谱、J-V曲线等手段,对杂化太阳电池的微观结构、光电转换特性进行了表征和测试。结果表明:P3HT与Spiro-OMeTAD共混物比例为15 mg/1 mL时,得到结构为FTO/TiO_2NR/Sb_2S_3/P3HT:Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag杂化太阳电池的电荷负荷率低,电子生命长,能量转换效率达到了4.57%。所制备的杂化太阳电池性能优良,具有良好的应用前景。