How uncertainty can save measurement from circularity and holism

Measurement results depend upon assumptions, and some of those assumptions are theoretical in character. This paper examines particle physics measurements in which a measurement result depends upon a type of assumption for which that very same result may be evidentially relevant, thus raising a worry about potential circularity in argumentation. We demonstrate how the practice of evaluating measurement uncertainty serves to render any such evidential circularity epistemically benign. Our analysis shows how the evaluation and deployment of uncertainty evaluation constitutes an in practice solution to a particular form of Duhemian underdetermination that improves upon Duhem's vague notion of “good sense,” avoids holism, and reconciles theory dependence of measurement with piecemeal hypothesis testing.     

基于CNN的水表故障检测算法研究

合格水表运行一段时间后可能出现硬件故障，造成水费计量异常。为避免此问题，传统上采用机器学习方法（例如支持向量机）分析水表日常读数以判断水表是否出现故障，但该方法常因人工选择特征不当而导致检测性能不能满足实用要求。为解决该问题，本文利用卷积神经网络（CNN）卓越的特征提取能力，根据水表日常读数自动提取水表故障特征，在此基础上提出一种基于CNN的水表故障检测方法，并通过大量实验对检测模型进行了参数优化。对比实验结果表明，本文所提方法相比于支持向量机和集成学习方法，具备更高的检测性能，且检测精度满足实用需求。     

致密气藏中防水锁剂的筛选方法及其微观机理

致密气藏物性差，只有通过水力压裂才能获得工业产能。在压裂过程中，水相压裂液侵入储层后会产生水锁现象，对储层造成伤害，严重影响致密气藏的产量。在压裂液中添加防水锁剂可以有效降低水锁带来的伤害。为了揭示防水锁剂降低水锁提高产量的机理,本文以DME稀释微乳液为例，首先通过表面张力实验，测试了DME稀释微乳液的表面张力随浓度的变化关系，并得到最佳的添加浓度；然后通过接触角实验评价了DME稀释微乳液的改变润湿性作用；之后结合自发渗吸和渗透率恢复率实验证明了DME稀释微乳液的降水锁功能；同时借助核磁共振研究了渗吸过程中水相进入不同大小孔喉的顺序以及渗吸采收率。本文还建立了一种有效评价防水锁剂的方法，为现场施工筛选此类添加剂提供了指导。     

FeCo-based hybrid MOF derived active species for effective oxygen evolution

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) have been regarded as promising catalyst materials due to the richness of coordinately unsaturated metal sites on the surface,which can act as catalytic active centres.In this study,a hybrid MOF material composed of Fe-based MOF and Co-based MOF was prepared with the involvement of graphene oxide nanosheets as additive.It was demonstrated that the hybrid MOF materials showed much higher electro-catalytic activity towards oxygen evolution than the single-phase counterparts.To drive current density of 10 mA cm~(-2),the hybrid CoFe-based MOF only needed an over potential of 290 mV in 1 M KOH.The catalytic activity could sustain for a longer time with only slight current density decrease.During oxygen evolution operation,the MOF catalyst evolved into catalytic active species but kept well the microscale sheet-like structure.It is thus believed that this study will provide an avenue for the development of advanced electrocatalysts.     

A new microfiltration membrane with three-dimensional reticular architecture for Nano-pollutants removal from wastewater

This research provides a new insight into designing next-generation filtration materials for Nano-pollutants removal from wastewater, and potentially for gas/solid or liquid/solid separation in corrosive environment. Considering the high corrosion and oxidation resistance, Ti–40Al–10Nb–10Cr porous alloy was prepared by powder metallurgy and used as a mechanical support with a pore size of around 10 ?μm. Subsequently, metallic Zn nanoparticles was coated on the Ti–40Al–10Nb–10Cr porous framework by means of chemical vapor deposition, obtaining a novel microfiltration membrane with three-dimensional reticular architecture. Furthermore, the influence of Zn coating on surface morphology, pore feature, and filtration capability of Ti–40Al–10Nb–10Cr porous alloy was investigated. It is of note that the as-prepared microfiltration membrane exhibits an excellent Nano-pollutants filtration efficiency of greater than 99.989% from wastewater. Most importantly, such a three-dimensional reticular architecture provides excellent structural stability, allowing the reutilization of the microfiltration membrane for at least 200 filtration cycles of wastewater treatment.     

兴化湾工程建设对周边海域水沙环境影响

基于实测水文泥沙资料,建立和验证了兴化湾海域大小嵌套的二维潮流泥沙数学模型;模型与实测结果在水动力泥沙方面吻合,验证结果良好。以兴化湾港口规划工程为例,运用所建模型分析相关工程实施对周边海域水沙环境影响。结果表明:规划工程实施后,湾内流速局部有所调整;但变化范围和幅度均相对有限。采用断面潮量计算方法,得出工程前后湾内纳潮量中潮期间减小15%,大潮期间则为13. 1%; 1个月后,湾内水体交换率均在40%以上,与天然条件相比,交换率减小了6. 8%;工程后湾内含沙量仍保持了较低的状态;同时受近岸区滩涂围垦影响,使浅海区再悬浮泥沙来源减少,导致南侧海域含沙量有所降低。研究成果为兴化湾海域科学合理的规划布局提供一定的参考。     

蔗渣纤维制备高吸水树脂研究

以甘蔗渣为原料,通过超声波辅助碱性双氧水法进行预处理,接枝改性制备具有高吸水、保水性能的高吸水树脂.研究了丙烯酸/蔗渣配比、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、中和度等因素对高吸水树脂吸水性能的影响;采用傅里叶红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)分别对预处理前后蔗渣及高吸水树脂进行接枝情况、结晶情况、结构与形貌进行表征.结果表明:最佳条件为丙烯酸/蔗渣配比10 mL/g、引发剂用量0.12 g、交联剂用量4 mg、中和度80%;对蔗渣纤维的预处理能够明显提高树脂的吸水性能;室温放置72 h,对去离子水的保水率为97%.该树脂对去离子水、自来水、0.9%NaCl溶液的吸水倍率分别为413、104和14 g/g.     

严寒地区屠宰废水处理改造扩建工程设计

针对原有屠宰废水处理工艺存在问题及应对严寒地区低温环境,采用ABR＋SBR＋BAF工艺,对原污水处理设施进行改造扩建,运行结果表明COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N去除率可分别达到97.7%、98.4%、98.25%、95.38%,出水达到《肉类加工工业水污染物综合排放标准》中肉制品加工一级排放标准。冬季运行成本为2.31元/t。     

概念隐喻视角解读苏轼《水调歌头·明月几时有》

概念隐喻理论认为,隐喻是分属两个不同范畴或语义域之间的单项映射,通过源域与目标域之间的投射,完成语符表层到抽象实质的深层次转化。苏轼的《水调歌头·明月几时有》历来被称赞为咏月佳作,无数人为其思乡怀人的真挚情感所动容。除此之外,该篇字里行间也饱含苏轼对人生、世界等的哲思,概念隐喻理论将全面还原苏轼创作的原貌。     

基于ZigBee的智能超声波水表远程抄表系统探讨

文章介绍了Zig Bee技术的特点和智能超声波水表的计量原理,并对Zig Bee技术在智能超声波水表远程抄表系统的应用进行了探讨。该抄表方案借助Zig Bee技术在无线通信方面的优势,具有组网迅速、网络容量大、传输可靠、数据安全、实时性强等特点,非常适合智能超声波水表无线组网。该抄表方案也可应用于电表和气表。