大入射余角CFAR检测器

雷达在大入射余角高分辨率海杂波背景下检测时,等效后向散射面积增大,大部分海杂波能量投射到少数距离单元,能量分布不均,出现功率突然增大的杂波“异常单元”,导致检测器参考窗口所处的背景环境复杂多变,传统检测器检测概率降低,虚警率及误检率增加。为解决此问题,通过参考滑窗单元的协方差矩阵构造正定矩阵,求解其矩阵范数用以估计杂波功率水平,并采用支持向量机改进传统恒虚警率(constant false alarm rate,CFAR)检测器,得到基于正定矩阵杂波功率估计训练支持向量机的改进CFAR检测器。实验结果表明,新检测器在均匀杂波、多目标环境下检测性能稳定,在杂波边缘的虚警控制能力良好。     

Structure,scale and emergence

In this paper I consider the structures that chemists and physicists attribute at the molecular scale to substances and materials of various kinds, and how they relate to structures and processes at other scales. I argue that the structure of a substance is the set of properties and relations which are preserved across all the conditions in which it can be said to exist. In short, structure is abstraction. On the basis of this view, and using concrete examples, I argue that structures, and therefore the chemical substances and other materials to which they are essential, are emergent. Firstly, structures themselves are scale-dependent because they can only exist within certain physical conditions, and a single substance may have different structures at different scales (of length, time and energy). Secondly, the distinctness of both substances and structures is a scale-dependent relationship: above a certain point, two distinct possibilities may become one. Thirdly, the necessary conditions for composition, for both substances and molecular species, are scale-dependent. To know whether a group of nuclei and electrons form a molecule it is not enough to consider energy alone: one also has to know about their environment and the lifetime over which the group robustly hangs together.     

Intervening on time derivatives

Interventionism analyses causal influence in terms of correlations of changes under a distribution of interventions. But the correspondence between correlated changes and causal influence is not obvious. I probe its plausibility with a problem-case involving variables related as time derivative (velocity) to integral (position), such that the latter variable must change given an intervention on the former unless dependencies are introduced among the testing and controlling interventions. Under the orthodox criteria such interventions will fail to be appropriate for causal analysis. I consider various alternatives, including permitting control interventions to be chancy, restricting the available models and mitigating variation of off-path variables. None of these work. I then present a fourth suggestion which modifies the interventionist criteria in order to permit interventions which can influence other variables than just their own targets. The correspondence between correlated changes and causal influence can thereby saved when dependencies are introduced among such interventions. This modification and the required dependencies, I argue, are perfectly in line with practice and may also assist in a wider class of cases.     

沈阳市某医院量本利分析

目的：针对沈阳市某公立医院常年亏损的状态，从微观定量分析的角度，采用量本利分析的方法，对其财务报表进行分析和讨论，找出相应亏损原因，提出合理策略以改善现有的亏损状态。方法对沈阳市某公立医院2010—2012年财务报表进行量本利分析，得出相应的保本点、保本工作量以及保本额等相应数据，并对其进行描述分析。结果沈阳市某公立医院2010—2012年连续三年其门急诊收入、住院收入、其它收入、总收入以及政府的财政补助均呈现明显的上升趋势；3年间的变动成本不断上升，但固定成本2011年达到最高；保本工作量及保本额均远远高于医院实际的工作量和收入水平，其安全边际呈现明显的负值。医院的盈亏状况呈现明显亏损状态。结论量本利分析可较清晰地揭示出医院成本、工作量、收费价格和收支结余之间的关系。该分析方法在医院经济管理工作中的应用，不仅在于它能揭示上述关系，而且其对医院经济管理具有一定的现实指导意义。为扭转医院不断亏损的状态，需强调成本控制的重要性，要实现盈亏平衡，同时需要政府、社会、医院等多方的共同努力，才能完成。     

实现船舶稳性的多油舱自适应调度算法及仿真

针对油舱对船舶浮态与稳性的影响，研究了保持船舶稳性的多油舱自适应调度控制算法，并用WinCC (Windows Control Center)组态软件编写了船舶自动浮态调整仿真系统。在系统架构上，采用布尔逻辑表构建了油舱、泵、管路之间的连通关系，并根据浮态方程计算出舱群之间的调驳油量，再根据多变量多约束的自适应优化调度算法实现了油舱驳油过程中浮态的平衡。仿真结果表明调度算法可以对船舶的浮态进行有效调整，并保持船舶稳性，避免了由油舱油量分布不均给船舶带来的不利影响，保障了航行安全。     

Heston模型下考虑工资风险和保费退还条款的DC型养老金时间一致性投资策略

DC型养老金投资者通常可以将保费投资于金融市场中无风险资产、风险资产以及通胀指数化债券3种资产。在均值-方差准则下，为了充分考虑市场风险因素和保障参保人利益，将通胀风险、波动风险、工资风险以及保费退还条款引进投资模型中。利用博弈论思想和随机最优控制技术，通过求解一个扩展HJB方程组，得到了最优时间一致性投资策略和有效前沿的解析表达。最后，通过数值分析比较了有、无保费退还条款两种情形下的最优投资策略。此外，还分析了一些主要参数对最优投资策略和有效前沿的影响，并给出了经济意义上的解释。     

Curcin和curcin C与腺嘌呤互作位点的比较分析

麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白curcin和curcin C均具有抗肿瘤活性，但后者的活性水平显著高于前者，为了探索造成这一差异的结构基础，本文采用在线的同源建模预测软件SWISSMODEL，对两种麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白curcin、curcin C的三维结构模型进行预测，采用SYBYL对预测模型进行能量最小化优化，采用PROCHECK、VERIFY 3D和ERRAT软件对优化前后的模型进行质量评估，随后采用AutoDock软件将预测的模型与腺嘌呤进行分子对接分析.结果显示，两种蛋白采用与Ricin A类似的方式与腺嘌呤相互作用，但在相互作用的氨基酸残基种类、数量以及形成的氢键和疏水相互作用上还是存在差异，其中，curcin C与腺嘌呤具有最强的结合能力，curcin则最低.     

Structure design,controllable synthesis,and application of metalsemiconductor heterostructure nanoparticles

Metal-semiconductor heterostructure nanoparticles(NPs) have attracted much interest and extensively been investigated due to their promising potentials in the fields of catalysis,energy conversion and storage.Due to the synergistic effect and coupling effect between metal and semiconductor,designing and controlling the interface structure of metal-semiconductor NPs and understanding the structure-property relationship have great significance for optimizing their physicochemical performances.Metal NPs coupled with semiconductors forming several kinds of interface structures,including core-shell,yolk-shell,Janus and oligomer-like structures are summarized in this review.The controllable synthesis methods to obtain metal-semiconductor heterostructure NPs with fantastic properties are presented in detail.Moreover,the structure-property relationship and their applications in the fields of catalysis,energy conversion and storage are also exhibited.A brief outlook is given on the challenges and possible solutions in future development of metal-semiconductor NPs.     

中子活化分析中煤样厚度及探测器位置的选择

利用MCNP5程序包模拟14MeV脉冲中子照射一定厚度煤样,并通过时间控制获得非弹γ能谱和俘获γ能谱,再利用计数率的高低确定γ能谱的获取位置.结果表明:当煤样厚度为20cm时,非弹γ能谱的计数率达到饱和;当煤样厚度为35cm时,俘获γ能谱的计数率达到饱和.     

微波辐射β分子筛负载SO_4~(2-)/Fe_2O_3固体超强酸催化制备2-(2-1H-苯并咪唑基)-苯酚

以邻苯二胺和水杨酸为原料,β分子筛负载SO2-4/Fe2O3固体超强酸催化剂,微波辐射促进合成了2-(2-1H-苯并咪唑基)-苯酚。实验结果表明:n(水杨酸)∶n(邻苯二胺)=1.0∶1.1(水杨酸6.90 g,邻苯二胺5.70 g),固体超强酸相对用量0.10 g,微波辐射功率500 W,微波辐射时间5 min。产率达87.8%,与常规加热方法相比,具有反应速度快、转化率高等优点。