Thickness-related synchronous increase in strength and ductility of ultrafine-grained pure aluminum sheets

To explore the specimen size effect of mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials with different structures, UFG Al sheets processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) were selected as target materials and the dependency of tensile behavior on sheet thickness (t) was systematically investigated. The strength and ductility of ECAPed UFG Al sheets were improved synchronously as t increased from 0.2 to 0.7 mm, and then no apparent change occurred when t reached to 0.7 and 1.0 mm. The corresponding microstructure evolved from dislocation networks in equiaxed grains into the walls and subgrains and finally into the dominated cells in elongated grains or subgrains. Meanwhile, dense shear lines (SLs) and shear bands (SBs) were clearly observed and microvoids and cracks were initiated along SBs with the increase of t. These observations indicated that the plastic deformation of UFG Al sheets was jointly controlled by shear banding, dislocation sliding, and grain-boundary sliding. Furthermore, the propagation of SBs became difficult as t increased. Finally, the obtained results were discussed and compared with those of annealed UFG Al and UFG Cu.     

晶化后冷却方式诱导形成不同结构的微孔材料(英文)

An interesting result with the products of crystallization being dominated by the cooling rate has been raised in the crystallization of ethylenediamine (EDA)-directed cobalt phosphates and 1,2-diaminopropane (PDA) -directed zinc phosphates. To explore the reason and mechanism behind this phenomenon,these two systems were crystallized under different temperatures from 1 to 6 d followed by fast cooling (in 10 min) or slow cooling (in 3 h) route, respectively. The results showed that, within a certain range ofcrystallization time, slow cooling rate would result in a framework transformation. Further investigation indicates that this transformation is lower-temperature-preferable in EDA-CoPO4 system, and the slow cooling process give the system a period of time to carry out the transformation under lower temperature. However, in PDA-ZnPO4 system, a higher-temperature-preferable transformation has been found, and further study on SAPO-CHA presents a similar result, which is in consistent with general transformation conditions of most crystals, which protrudes the uniqueness of EDA-directed crystallization of cobalt phosphates systems.     

Development of liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding for AZ31 magnesium alloy joints

A liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding (C-FSSW) technology was developed for welding AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. The liquid-nitrogen cooling degraded the deformability of the welded materials such that the width of interfacial cracks increased with increasing cooling time. The grain size of the stirred zone (SZ) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the C-FSSW-welded joints decreased, whereas that of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) increased with increasing cooling time. The maximum tensile shear load of the C-FSSW-welded joints welded with a cooling time of 5 or 7 s was larger than that of the friction stir spot welding (FSSW)-welded joint, and the tensile shear load decreased with increasing cooling time. The microhardness of the C-FSSW-welded joints was greater than that of the FSSW-welded joint. Moreover, the microhardness of the SZ and the HAZ of the C-FSSW-welded joints increased, whereas that of the TMAZ decreased, with increasing cooling time.     

Gas-liquid phase coexistence and finite-size effects in a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system

The gas-liquid phase coexistence in a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system is investigated using Maxwell construction method together with molecular dynamics simulations.The results of phase coexistence in different truncations of the potential are compared with data obtained from the literature,and the corresponding critical properties calculated.The crossover from Ising-like to mean field behavior is observed and confirmed as the temperature approaches the critical point from below.Performing simulations on systems with different sizes,we find that a finite size effect is more significant than those shown in most of the previous results,and a lower critical temperature is obtained when the full extent of this finite size effect is considered.     

推广的Maxwell方程及其初步应用：载流导体中净电荷的产生或禁止导致Joule热或超导电性

 从电荷守恒定律出发,利用微分几何方法并参照Maxwell方程, 导出一组推广的Maxwell方程。这组方程适用于各向同性介质。它们包含了Maxwell方程和London方程并与Ginzburg-Landau方程兼容。它们既能描写正常态,也能描写超导态。Ohm定律可从这组方程导出。对电子导电的非磁性导体,作者从这组方程得到一个新的Joule热公式。此公式引出一个新的物理图像：在导体中,稳定电流形成并促使净电荷产生的是正常态;稳定电流形成但禁止净电荷产生的是超导态。     

Constitutive modeling for unsaturated soils considering gas hardening effect

The influence of gases on unsaturated soils is discussed in the paper.First,the selection of stress state variables is discussed.It is shown that gas pressure as well as generalized effective stress and modified suction are required to construct a constitutive model of an unsaturated soil.The deformation mechanisms of solid,liquid and gas phases in soils are then investigated.It is realized that the deformation of gas phase interacts with the deformations of the other two phases in soils.Gas laws are used to describe the gas behavior.Similar to the other two phases in soil,the change of gas volume can be divided into an elastic part and a plastic part, and the latter part is then introduced to the soil hardening equation to reflect the impact of the gas on the soil.Then,a simple elasto-plastic model considering the gas effect for isotropic states is developed.Finally,the model predictions are given and compared with existing experimental data.A good agreement between them is found.Comparisons of the predictions between our model and Wheeler’s model are also performed.     

The resettlement planning and practice of Three Gorges Project

Migrant resettlement is essential to the success of the Three Gorges Project (TGP),and the smooth implementation of resettlement is ensured by the resettlement planning and effective organization management.In the process of resettlement planning and implementation,systematic legislation and document support system is established;environmental capacity analysis and assets appraisal methods are introduced;resettlement sites are selected through in-depth analysis and comparison;the relationship between resettlement compensation and local development is correctly understood and considered,and reasonable resettlement schedules are well prepared.Through the establishment of efficient management system and capital management mode of "static control and dynamic management",as well as the timely adjustment of plan according to actual situations,the resettlement is accomplished smoothly.Thus,the social stability of the reservoir area is ensured;the economic development of reservoir area is promoted,and it has promoted successfully the improvement of legislation,regulations and techniques for land requisition and resettlement.The paper also discusses the theory and prospective work of resettlement.     

A line search filter inexact SQP method for nonlinear equality constrained optimization

This paper proposes an inexact SQP method in association with line search filter technique for solving nonlinear equality constrained optimization.For large-scale applications,it is expensive to get an exact search direction,and hence the authors use an inexact method that finds an approximate solution satisfying some appropriate conditions.The global convergence of the proposed algorithm is established by using line search filter technique.The second-order correction step is used to overcome the Maratos effect,while the line search filter inexact SQP method has q-superlinear local convergence rate.Finally,the results of numerical experiments indicate that the proposed method is efficient for the given test problems.     

中国热点论文榜

“热点论文”在科学界已经是耳熟能详的名词。顾名思义，热点论文即为众人所关注的论文。这种关注度在科学计量学领域可以用论文被引用的次数来量化和测度。美Thomson Reuters利用SCI数据，每两个月发布一次物理学、生物学、化学和医学领域的热点论文（见《科学观察》各期）。根据特约撰稿入对热点论文的分析，热点论文的确能够反映世界科学前沿性研究的动态。这里，我们以2004—2008年中国科学家的SCI论文为数据基础，分领域统计了自发表以来被引频次最高的论文，以展现颇具显示度的中国科技成果。《科学观察））编辑部根据统计结果，特约请愿意撰文的科学家对他们的研究成果作了言简意赅的介绍（见统计数据后的一组论文）。本期发布的热点论文榜涉及地学、环境科学、医学和农林科学4个领域。     

Standard molar enthalpy of formation of uniform CdMoO4 nano-octahedra

Controllable synthesis of uniform and single-crystalline CdMoO4 nano-octahedra has been successfully realized at large-scale by a facile reverse-microemulsion route at room temperature. The structures, compositions and morphologies of the as-prepared products were characterized in detail by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. According to the thermochemical cycle, the relationship between the standard molar enthalpy of formation of nano-CdMoO4 and bulk CdMoO4 was proposed for the first time. In combination with micro-calorimetry, the standard molar enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K of as-ynthesized CdMoO4 nano-octahedra were ob-tained.