Fantastic Beasts and where (not) to find them: Local gravitational energy and energy conservation in general relativity

This paper critically examines energy-momentum conservation and local (differential) notions of gravitational energy in General Relativity (GR). On the one hand, I argue that energy-momentum of matter is indeed locally (differentially) conserved: Physical matter energy-momentum 4-currents possess no genuine sinks/sources. On the other hand, global (integral) energy-momentum conservation is contingent on spacetime symmetries. Local gravitational energy-momentum is found to be a supererogatory notion. Various explicit proposals for local gravitational energy-momentum are investigated and found wanting. Besides pseudotensors, the proposals considered include those of Lorentz and Levi-Civita, Pitts and Baker. It is concluded that the ontological commitment we ought to have towards gravitational energy in GR mimics the natural anti-realism/eliminativism towards apparent forces in Newtonian Mechanics.     

Microstructure investigation and multicolor upconversion in Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho) ions doped α-Sialon

Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho)-α-sialon ceramics were fabricated by hot press sintering technique.Their microstructure and luminescent properties were studied by XRD,EDS,HRTEM and photoluminescence measurements.The results showed that the sintered ceramics consisted ofα-Sialon with a trace amount ofβ-Sialon phase.The frequency upconversion and downconversion properties of Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho)-α-Sialon ceramics were investigated under 980 nm low-power excitation.The different concentrations of Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho)produced multicolor emissions characteristics of each Ln~(3+)ion as a result of the energy transfer from Yb~(3+)to Er~(3+),Tm~(3+)and Ho~(3+)ions.The EDS spectra measurements and mappings showed that the Ln~(3+)ions were well incorporated in theα-Sialon matrix.Temporal evolution of the emission decay behavior has been investigated to understand the energy transfer mechanism.     

高校教室照明节能系统探讨①?

针对高校教室照明系统能耗大浪费多的问题,利用红外装置和人脸识别系统,设计了一套高校教室照明节能系统。系统将教室分为几个区域,利用红外装置周期扫描人体信号,能够实现无人自动关灯,并且在人员过于分散情况下,部分分区也会自动关灯,促使人员集中。该系统较好地解决了高校教室照明系统能耗大浪费多的问题,显著提高了电能的使用率。     

累计太阳辐照量对真空管太阳能热水器日得热量的影响

累计太阳辐照量17MJ/m2对应的日有用得热量Q17是评价太阳能热水系统热性能好坏的重要参数之一.在累计太阳辐照量达到测试要求以及其他测试条件相似的条件下,利用试验测试研究了累计太阳辐照量对真空管太阳能热水器系统日有用得热量Q17的影响.结果表明:日得热量随累计辐照量的增加而呈线性增加的关系,而系统的能效系数和日有用得热量Q17基本不受累计辐照量的影响;当测试条件由累计辐照量不小于17MJ/m2减小至累计辐照量不小于16 MJ/m2时,系统的日有用得热量Q17和能效系数没有明显的降低,说明新国标中对测试累计辐照量的修改是合理的.     

EMG oscillator model-based energy kernel method for characterizing muscle intrinsic property under isometric contraction

This paper presents a new method for estimating the isometric contraction force and the characterization of muscle’s intrinsic property.The method,called the energy kernel method,starts with converting the electromyography(EMG)signal into planar phase portraits,on which the elliptic distribution of the state points is named as the energy kernel,while that formed by the noise signal is called the noise kernel.Based on such stochastic features of the phase portraits,we approximate the EMG signal within a rectangular window as a harmonic oscillator(EMG oscillator).The study establishes the relationship between the energy of control signal(EMG)and that of output signal(force/power),and a characteristic energy is proposed to estimate the muscle force.On the other hand,the natural frequencies of the noise and the EMG signal can be attained with the energy kernel and noise kernel.In this way,the direct signal–noise recognition and separation can be accomplished.The results show that the representativeness of the characteristic energy toward the force is satisfactory,and the method is very robust since it combines the advantages of both RMS and MPF.Moreover,the natural frequency of the EMG oscillator is not governed by the MU firing rate of a specific muscle,indicating that this frequency correlates with the intrinsic property of muscle.The physical meanings of the model provide new insights into the understanding of EMG.     

能量采集无线Mesh网路由协议研究

无线Mesh网以其容量大、速率高、范围广、组网灵活,成为未来宽带接入网的一个重要方案。能量问题是制约无线Mesh网可靠性和健壮性的因素之一。为了消除该制约因素,创造性地将能量采集(energy harvesting)技术引入到无线Mesh网中,使无线路由器可以从环境中收获或采集能量,具有自我补充能量的能力。还就无线路由节点能量模型,进行基于能量收集的分簇路由协议的分析仿真,将能量采集技术与LEACH协议和DEEC协议相结合,并通过仿真,分析比对在引入能量采集技术后两种路由协议的性能。仿真结果表明结合了能量采集技术的DEEC协议在延长网络寿命、提高数据传输量方面表现最优。     

Different effects of substrates on the morphologies of single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this work, different effects of substrates on the morphologies of single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） are studied. SWNTs were produced by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition using CH4 as carbon source gas and Ar as carrier gas. Then the SWNTs were deposited on lithography-patterned different substrates. The as-grown SWNTs at the boundaries between SiO2 and metal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that SWNTs deposited on low-conductivity substrates trend to have curved morphologies and some of them form rings, while SWNTs deposited on metal sub- strates remain straight and orientated. The mechanism of these effects was also discussed, which is closely related to the thermal conductivities and the principle of energy dissipation.     

How cat lands: insights into contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs to attenuating impact force

To safely land after different drops, cats can perfectly use their limbs as dampers to dissipate impact forces. Yet, we know little about the contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of cats to attenuating the impact forces during landing. In order to investigate this, we analyzed the landing impulses and energy absorption based on the ground reaction forces and high-speed video recordings of cats performing self-initiated jump downs at different heights. Our results show that the distribution of impact forces between forelimbs and hindlimbs exhibits a landing height-dependent manner. Furthermore, combining the experimental measurements and the inverted pendu- lum-spring model, we find that variation in landing angle is correlated with the distribution manner. This posture- dependent actuation allows the animal to tune the distri- bution of energy absorption between forelimbs and hind- limbs. These findings highlight how cats perfectly jump down using their limbs, providing fundamental insights into the importance of control mechanisms that attenuate landing impulses safely and efficiently.     

基于系统科学视角的山西省能源安全综合评 价简

文章从系统科学的视角，构建多指标综合评价模型，采用因子分析法对山西省1995—2010年能源系统安全状况进行了实证研究，并运用熵权法将中西部八个省份的能源安全状况进行了比较。研究表明，山西省能源系统安全状况不容乐观，总体上趋于下降，在八省比较中排名居后，节能空间和潜力很大。     

山东省经济发展与能源消费关系研究——基于灰色关联理论

在对山东省经济增长与能源消费之间关系进行定性分析的基础上,构建了可定量评价的灰色关联体系,计算结果证实:山东省经济发展过度依赖煤炭资源,但煤炭总体利用率不高,目前电力、石油和天然气的使用量正在逐步增加。为解决经济增长与能源消费之间的不协调问题提出了加快产业结构调整、完善能源消费结构、实施天然气产业发展、学习国外先进技术和管理经验等措施。