拟南芥DnaJ蛋白的过量表达对细菌耐盐性的影响

热激蛋白是植物在各种环境胁迫下产生的一种蛋白,其表达与多种胁迫的抗性有一定关系。从野生型拟南芥cDNA中克隆获得了编码442个氨基酸序列的DnaJ基因,其与大肠杆菌DnaJ基因含有相同的J区和半胱氨酸富集区。将DnaJ基因构建到pET32a的原核表达载体,过量表达DnaJ基因的细菌在含有0.5 mol/LNaCl的培养基中仍然可以生长,初步推断DnaJ的表达与耐盐性有关。     

Polypeptide translocation machinery of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum

Proteins enter the secretory pathway by two general routes. In one, the complete polypeptide is made in the cytoplasm and held in an incompletely folded state by chaperoning adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) such as hsp70. InSaccharomyces cerevisiae, fully synthesized secretory precursors engage the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by interaction with a set of Sec proteins comprising the polypeptide translocation apparatus (Sec61p, Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71p, Sec72p). Productive interaction requires displacement of hsp70 from the precursor, a reaction that is facilitated by Ydj1p, a homologue of theEscherichia coli DnaJ protein. Both DnaJ and Ydj1p regulate chaperone activity by stimulating the ATPase activity of their respective hsp70 partners (E. coli DnaK andS. cerevisiae Ssa1p, resepectively). In the ER lumen, another hsp70 chaperone, BiP, binds ATP and interacts with the ER membrane via its contact with a peptide loop of Sec63p. This loop represents yet another DnaJ homologue in that it contains a region of 70 residue similarity to the J box, the most conserved region of the DnaJ family of proteins. In the presence of ATP, under conditions in which BiP can bind to Sec63p, the secretory precursor passes from the cytosol into the lumen through a membrane channel formed by Sec61 p. A second route to the membrane pore that is used by many other secretory precursors, particularly in mammalian cells, requires that the polypeptide engage the ER membrane as the nascent chain emerges from the ribosome. Such cotranslational translocation bypasses the need for certain Sec proteins, instead utilizing an alternate set of cytosolic and membrane factors that allows the nascent chain to be inserted directly into the Sec61p channel.     

Hsp70 chaperones: Cellular functions and molecular mechanism

Hsp70 proteins are central components of the cellular network of molecular chaperones and folding catalysts. They assist a large variety of protein folding processes in the cell by transient association of their substrate binding domain with short hydrophobic peptide segments within their substrate proteins. The substrate binding and release cycle is driven by the switching of Hsp70 between the low-affinity ATP bound state and the high-affinity ADP bound state. Thus, ATP binding and hydrolysis are essential in vitro and in vivo for the chaperone activity of Hsp70 proteins. This ATPase cycle is controlled by co-chaperones of the family of J-domain proteins, which target Hsp70s to their substrates, and by nucleotide exchange factors, which determine the lifetime of the Hsp70-substrate complex. Additional co-chaperones fine-tune this chaperone cycle. For specific tasks the Hsp70 cycle is coupled to the action of other chaperones, such as Hsp90 and Hsp100.Received 21 October 2004; received after revision 24 November 2004; accepted 6 December 2004     

拟南芥Hsp40蛋白AtDjA5在大肠杆菌中的功能分析

通过分析大肠杆菌dnaJ缺失菌株在43℃下的生长表型, 发现AtDjA5及其J Domain能够功能性地替换DnaJ及其J Domain. 免疫共沉淀实验结果表明AtDjA5与DnaK存在相互作用. 由Western blot检测推测AtDjA5能够稳定大肠杆菌热激转录因子σ32并下调热激蛋白DnaK表达量. 这些发现说明AtDjA5在大肠杆菌中具有与DnaJ相似的功能.     

Cloning and expression of DnaJ homolog in carrot somatic embryo

As the co-chaperone of DnaK/Hsp70 protein, DnaJ/Hsp40 protein influences the synthesis and assembly of the protein complex by regulating ATPase activity of DnaK/Hsp70 protein. By employing the modified method of cDNA representational difference analysis, a homologous fragment of DnaJ was isolated from the deregulated carrot somatic embryos, and it was further used as the probe to screen the cDNA library of carrot somatic embryo deregulated for 12 h. As the result, DcJ1 gene, the homologous gene of DnaJ, was isolated from carrot. Sequence analysis showed that its coding region is 1257 bp, which codes 418 amino acids and comprises 3 highly-conserved characteristic domains. Southern blot analysis suggested that the DcJ1 gene seems to be a single copy in the genome, while Northern blot result indicated that DcJ1 expresses only in roots and its degree of expression changes obviously with the regulation-deregulation process. These results suggest that DcJ1 is correlated with the early development of carrot somatic embryo radicle.     

拟南芥 BAH1 与大肠杆菌热胁迫耐受的关系分析

拟南芥BAH1含有保守的C3H4型RING结构域,与DnaJ锌指结构类似.利用原核表达纯化的BAH1进行体外泛素化实验证明了BAH1具有E3连接酶活性.然后通过表型回复实验发现BAH1融合J-domain结构域后(JdBAH1)和DnaJ一样能明显弥补danJ突变株MF634的热敏表型,在43℃存活;而转入突变锌指结构的JdBAH1C231S,C234S,C276S,C279S(JdBAH1△Zn1/2)菌株在43℃高温条件下不能存活,说明BAH1在大肠杆菌内具有类似DnaJ锌指结构的功能.因此,BAH1在E.coli中的功能有可能与DnaJ相似,通过锌指结构参与了DnaK/DnaJ伴侣系统发挥功能.     

The DnaK/ClpB chaperone system from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thermus thermophilus</Emphasis>

Proteins of thermophilic organisms are adapted to remain well structured and functional at elevated temperatures. Nevertheless like their 'cousins' that reside at medium temperatures, they require the assistance of molecular chaperones to fold properly and prevent aggregation. This review compares structural and functional properties of the DnaK/ClpB systems of Thermus thermophilus and, mainly, Escherichia coli (Dnak_Tth and Dnak_Eco). Many elemental properties of these systems remain conserved. However, in addition to a general increase of the thermal stability of its components, the Dnak_Tth system shows profound differences in its regulation, and genetic as well as oligomeric organization. Whether these differences are unique or represent general strategies of adaptation to life at elevated temperatures remains to be clarified. RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

菜豆DnaJ-like基因组DNA片段的克隆及其表达分析

以PvSR6 cDNA编码一种菜豆DnaJ-like蛋白，并利用PCR的方法克隆出基因组部分序列。核苷酸列分析表明PvSR6基因在这段编码区无内含子；Southern blot分析表明菜豆基因组中存在多个PvSR6基因拷贝；Northern blot分析结果表明PvSR6是组成型表达蛋白，重金属Hg,Cd,和As，过量的Cu和Zn及受伤，高温，病毒侵袭和水杨酸等均能强烈地诱导其基因在叶片中的表达，表明DnaJ-like蛋白与植物的抗逆性有关。     

胡萝卜体细胞胚DnaJ同源基因的分离及其表达特性分析

DnaJ/Hsp40蛋白是DnaK/Hsp70的辅助分子伴侣,它通过调节DnaK/Hsp70的ATPase活性来影响蛋白复合体的合成与组装.运用改进的cDNA代表性差示分析方法从解调控胡萝卜体细胞胚中分离出DnaJ基因同源区段,进而以它为探针筛选解调控12 h的胡萝卜体细胞胚cDNA文库,从胡萝卜中分离得到DnaJ蛋白同源基因DcJ1.序列分析表明它的编码区为1257 bp,编码418个氨基酸和1个终止密码子,包含3个保守的特征结构域.Southern杂交分析表明,DcJ1基因在核基因组中以单拷贝或低拷贝形式存在;而Northern杂交则显示该基因仅在根中特异表达,其表达强度随着胡萝卜体细胞胚的调控-解调控过程发生明显的变化,并且不受热激的诱导.由此可见,DcJ1基因的表达活性与胡萝卜体细胞胚根的早期发育之间存在着明显的相关性.     

The diversity of the DnaJ/Hsp40 family, the crucial partners for Hsp70 chaperones

DnaJ/Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40) proteins have been preserved throughout evolution and are important for protein translation, folding, unfolding, translocation, and degradation, primarily by stimulating the ATPase activity of chaperone proteins, Hsp70s. Because the ATP hydrolysis is essential for the activity of Hsp70s, DnaJ/Hsp40 proteins actually determine the activity of Hsp70s by stabilizing their interaction with substrate proteins. DnaJ/Hsp40 proteins all contain the J domain through which they bind to Hsp70s and can be categorized into three groups, depending on the presence of other domains. Six DnaJ homologs have been identified in Escherichia coli and 22 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genome-wide analysis has revealed 41 DnaJ/Hsp40 family members (or putative members) in humans. While 34 contain the typical J domains, 7 bear partially conserved J-like domains, but are still suggested to function as DnaJ/ Hsp40 proteins. DnaJA2b, DnaJB1b, DnaJC2, DnaJC20, and DnaJC21 are named for the first time in this review; all other human DnaJ proteins were dubbed according to their gene names, e.g. DnaJA1 is the human protein named after its gene DNAJA1. This review highlights the progress in studying the domains in DnaJ/Hsp40 proteins, introduces the mechanisms by which they interact with Hsp70s, and stresses their functional diversity. Received 27 April 2006; received after revision 5 June 2006; accepted 19 July 2006