Coastal wetland in South China： Degradation trends, causes and protection countermeasures

There are abundant coastal wetlands in South China and their main characters are the tidal flats, mangroves and coral reefs. In this paper, the status quo of coastal wetlands in South China is introduced and their degradation trends in the last decades are analyzed based on the existing literatures and information. Their degradation trends are characterized by reduction of coastal wetlands＇ area, pollution of seawater environment, degeneration of ecological environment, sharp decrease of biodiversity in the wetlands and so on. At the same time, the causes resulting in the above-mentioned degradations are discussed, mainly concluding imperfect systems of management and legislation, deficient property and assessment systems of the wetlands, weak consciousness of protecting coastal wetlands, shortage of basic study and backward management level and so on. Some countermeasures are put forward for the sake of a sustainable use of the coastal wetlands of South China, mainly including establishing and perfecting administrative and legal systems for the coastal wetlands, developing the study on assessment of coastal wetland, heightening the consciousness of public participation, and strengthening scientific research and establishment of wetland nature reserves.     

Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms

Autophagic degradation of cytoplasm (including protein, RNA etc.) is a non-selective bulk process, as indicated by ultrastructural evidence and by the similarity in autophagic sequestration rates of various cytosolic enzymes with different half-lives. The initial autophagic sequestration step, performed by a poorly-characterized organelle called a phagophore, is subject tofeedback inhibition by purines and amino acids, the effect of the latter being potentiated by insulin and antagonized by glucagon. Epinephrine and other adrenergic agonists inhibit autophagic sequestration through a prazosin-sensitive ₁-adrenergic mechanism. The sequestration is also inhibited by cAMP and by protein phosphorylation as indicated by the effects of cyclic nucleotide analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and okadaic acid.Asparagine specifically inhibits autophagic-lysosomal fusion without having any significant effects on autophagic sequestration, on intralysosomal degradation or on the endocytic pathway. Autophaged material that accumulates in prelysosomal vacuoles in the presence of asparagine is accessible to endocytosed enzymes, revealing the existence of an amphifunctional organelle, the amphisome. Evidence from several cell types suggests that endocytosis may be coupled to autophagy to a variable extent, and that the amphisome may play a central role as a collecting station for material destined for lysosomal degradation.Protein degradation can also take place in a salvage compartment closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this compartment unassembled protein chains are degraded by uncharacterized proteinases, while resident proteins roturn to the ER and assembled secretory and membrane proteins proceed through the Golgi apparatus. In thetrans-Golgi network some proteins are proteolytically processed by Ca²⁺-dependent proteinases; furthermore, this compartment sorts proteins to lysosomes, various membrane domains, endosomes or secretory vesicles/granules. Processing of both endogenous and exogenous proteins can occurr in endosomes, which may play a particularly important role in antigen processing and presentation. Proteins in endosomes or secretory compartments can either be exocytosed, or channeled to lysosomes for degradation. The switch mechanisms which decide between these options are subject to bioregulation by external agents (hormones and growth factors), and may play an important role in the control of protein uptake and secretion.     

H2O2氧化降解壳聚糖的动力学

为制备分子量分布较窄的可溶性低分子量壳聚糖，研究了简单均相体系下双氧水降解壳聚糖的过程与机理，考察了温度、双氧水浓度和时间对降解反应的影响，实验结果显示均相条件下壳聚糖的氧化降解符合无规降解动力学规律．同一降解体系中，同一反应时刻下，水解产物的分子量的倒数与反应温度成正比．     

聚联苯醚二甲酰十二碳二胺的热降解过程与机理

利用热重法研究了半芳香尼龙聚联苯醚二甲酰十二碳二胺(PA12-O)在N2气氛中以不同速率β升温时的热降解过程及热降解动力学.结果表明,PA12-O的热降解是一步反应,随着β的增大,降解温度呈指数关系升高.其起始平衡降解温度为439.4℃,终止时的平衡降解温度为468.33℃,最大降解速率时的平衡降解温度为459.17℃.为确定PA12-O的热降解机理,比较了用Kissinger、 Flynn-Wall-Ozawa和 Coats-Redfern方法求得的PA12-O的热降解表观活化能,证明PA12-O的热降解机理为减速类型.     

A Novel Degradation Pathway of Zn（dmid） （ phen）2 in Pyridine

The light-oxidation degradation processes of Zn(dmid)(phen)2(dmid = 4, 5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2 one, phen = 1,10-phenanthroaline) in pyridine solvent has been monitored, h has been found under the light, dmid^2- of Zn(dmid)(phen)2 in pyridine solution could generate NCS^- and NCS^-replaces dmid^2- to form Zn(NCS)2 (phen)2 simultaneously. The crystal structure of Zn(NCS)2 (phen)2 has been determined. In the crystal of Zn(NCS)2 (phen)2. two NCS^- ligands are arranged in syn-configuration, and there is strong π-π interaction between the two adjacent parallel phen.     

PLGA组织工程支架的构建及降解行为研究

用本体开环聚合方式合成不同摩尔比的PLGA（n(dl-LA)n(GA)分别为85／15，75／25，65／35，55／45)共聚物。^H NMR和溶解试验结果表明，共聚物各链段呈无规分布，GA序列长度在1.3-1.8之间。通过溶液浇铸造-低热模压-粒子沥滤技术构建了高度多孔的PLGA组织工程支架，考察了它们在Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲溶液中的降解行为。结果表明：随着水解的进行，PLGA的特性粘度及构建的多孔支架的压缩强度迅速下降，共聚物中GA组分含量赵大，下降的速度越快，与之对应的多孔支架的多孔结构形态保持时间也随共聚物中GA组合分含量增加而下降，分别为8周（n(dl-LA)/n(GA)分别为85/15和75/25）、4周（n(dl-LA)/n(GA)为65/35）和2周（n(dl-LA)/n(GA)为55/45）；但质量损失速率比[η下降速度慢得多，多孔支架的降解速率慢于薄膜的降解速率。     

麦芽——异麦芽低聚糖制备工艺的优化研究

本文应用生物降解技术，探讨了以马铃薯淀粉和α－淀粉酶为原料制备麦芽——异麦芽低聚糖的工艺，用正交试验和统计分析，确定了一组优化实验条件。     

紫外吸收剂抗光氧化降解机理初探

苯骈三唑、邻羟基二苯甲酮、水杨酸酯类化合物构成了几种重要类型的紫外吸收剂。本论文研究了反应型和共混型紫外吸收剂在聚苯乙烯体系中的抗光氧化降解行为，对其紫外吸收及光氧化降解的内在机理予以探讨。     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺、苯乙烯和马来酸酐三元共聚及热分解动力学

合成了N-苯基马来酰亚胺、苯乙烯和马来酸酐三元共聚物,采用红外光谱法对其结构进行了表征,并利用TG,DTG和DSC热分析技术对该共聚物的耐热性能及热分解动力学进行了分析,探讨了其热分解机理.结果表明:该共聚物的热分解受单机理控制,初始热分解温度为637K;683K后热分解速率迅速增大,703K时达到最大,在761K时分解基本结束;共聚物在氮气中失重20%和50%时的温度分别为679K和700K,玻璃化转变温度为485 K;根据K issinger法求得非等温条件下共聚物热分解的表观活化能为173.21 kJ/mol,指前因子为3.293 9×1012m in-1,由Crane法求得其反应级数为0.94.