Adelfa： a futuristic biodiesel fuel for DI diesel engines： a comparative experimental investigation

Biodiesel fuel is found to be a promising alter- native for the petroleum diesel based on the results published by the researchers for a decade. Biodiesel fuel is renewable and non degradable fuel. Many countries use biodiesel fuel for automotives to meet the crisis due to the depletion of the petroleum fuel and to meet the stringent emission norms. Various researches have been carried out with different bio- diesel fuels with vegetable oil as the source and appreciable results were reported. Few biodiesel fuels which have been already tested are Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, neem, cotton seed, etc. In this experimental work, Adelfa biodiesel blend is used as the test fuel. The emission and performance charac- teristics were compared with three other different biodiesel fuel blends. Appreciable results imply that Adelfa biodiesel （Nerium oil methyl ester） can be a futuristic biodiesel fuel, which has a good compatibility with the direct injection （DI） diesel engine without any major modification. Moreover, Adelfa can be cultivated in a non agricultural land with fewer sources of water. It is widely spread over all major countries of Asia. Experimental investigations have been carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine with standard engine speci- fications. In this experimental work, various Adelfa biodiesel blends is compared with reference fuel （diesel） to choose the best blend which gives a closer performance to diesel. The comparative analysis with other biodiesel fuels has also been done and results have been discussed.     

生物柴油/柴油混合燃料喷油提前角优化

为了得到使用生物柴油/柴油混合燃料的最佳喷油提前角,对不同角度混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性进行了研究。结果表明:喷油滞后(提前),燃烧压力、压力升高率与瞬时燃烧放热率降低(增加),曲线后移(前移)。NOx排放降低(增加),且随着负荷的增加,降低(增加)的幅度增大。原机条件下混合燃料烟度最低,喷油提前和滞后都会引起烟度的增加。喷油适当滞后(降低3°)可以在烟度增加不多的情况下有效控制生物柴油/柴油混合燃料的NOx排放,同时压力升高率的降低会使发动机工作更加柔和。     

低碳醇对食用油下脚料制生物柴油燃料特性的影响

添加低碳醇是解决生物柴油黏度大且低温流动性差等问题的一种有效途径。随着醇类体积比例的增加,混合燃料的密度、十六烷值、运动黏度、凝点、冷滤点、质量低热值降低,氧含量与汽化潜热增加,从而对发动机性能产生直接影响。在动力性降低不超过5%的前提下,醇类体积比例不超过10%,可以明显降低黏度,使燃料流动性增强、雾化质量变好、燃烧完全、排放改善;增加氧含量,有利于提高燃烧速度、促使放热更加集中且燃烧更加完全、排放改善;降低了凝点与冷滤点,提高了低温流动性。     

柴油机燃用F-T/生物柴油混合燃料的排放性能研究

以未做调整的四缸增压中冷发动机为试验样机,分别燃用不同比例的F-T/生物柴油混合燃料,对混合燃料的常规排放尤其是非常规排放进行了对比研究。结果表明:F-T/生物柴油混合燃料相对于0#柴油可明显改善NO_X、CO和碳烟的排放,但随着生物柴油比例的提高,NO_X、CO排放略有升高,碳烟排放则随着生物柴油比例增加而降低;外特性下,混合燃料随着生物柴油比例的提高,HC排放相对于0#柴油有明显下降;非常规排放中混合燃料可有效降低甲醛排放;SO_2排放也有明显下降,但随生物柴油配比的增加而有上升的趋势。混合燃料能有效抑制苯类排放。     

泔水油制备生物柴油的试验研究

在浓硫酸催化作用下,用泔水油与甲醇反应生成脂肪酸甲酯(即生物柴油)。在酯化反应前,对泔水油进行了一系列预处理。泔水油的预处理大大降低了水和其它杂质对转酯反应的不利影响,提高了制备生物柴油的转化率。在甲醇用量、反应温度、反应时间和浓硫酸用量等单因素试验的基础上,应用正交设计对影响转化率的关键技术参数进行了系统优化,结果表明,泔水油制备脂肪酸甲酯的最佳反应条件为:甲醇与泔水油的物质的量比为20∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为8 h,催化剂与泔水油的物质的量比为5∶1。经检测,所制备的生物柴油与0#柴油的技术指标相当。     

甲醇生物柴油的合成和性能研究

以价格低廉的双氧水为氧化剂，在60℃及常压条件下，对生物柴油进行了化学改性。结果表明，改性后的生物柴油和甲醇可以任意比例互溶。所制甲醇生物柴油（甲醇≤40％）可以使未做任何改动的柴油机很好地启动和运行，而且尾气排放可以完全达到欧洲3号标准的要求。较好地解决了生物柴油由于其价格较高而迟迟不能在市场上进行大面积推广的难题，为车用燃料的多元化又开辟了一条新的道路。     

Supercritical fluids technology for clean biofuel production

Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels that are predominantly produced from biomass for transport sector applications. As biofuels are renewable, sustainable, carbon neutral and environmentally benign, they have been proposed as promising alternative fuels for gasoline and diesel engines. This paper reviews state-of-the-art application of the supercritical fluid (SCF) technique in biofuels production that includes biodiesel from vegetable oils via the transesterification process, bio-hydrogen from the gasification and bio-oil from the liquefaction of biomass, with biodiesel production as the main focus. The global biofuel situation and biofuel economics are also reviewed. The SCF has been shown to be a promising technique for future large-scale biofuel production, especially for biodiesel production from waster oil and fat. Compared with conventional biofuel production methods, the SCF technology possesses a number of advantages that includes fast kinetics, high fuel production rate, ease of continuous operation and elimination of the necessity of catalysts. The harsh operation environment, i.e. the high temperature and high pressure, and its request on the materials and associated cost are the main concerns for its wide application.     

生物柴油植物麻疯树综合繁殖技术研究

研究发现,麻疯树种子在播种前进行剥壳处理,有利于种子萌发。播种以覆土1 cm左右的浅播为宜,适宜的发芽温度为30℃。采用组织培养技术繁育时,愈伤组织诱导培养基以MS＋1%琼脂＋3%蔗糖＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.9 mg/L效果最佳,不定芽分化培养基以MS＋1%琼脂＋3%蔗糖＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.3 mg/L较适宜,而1/2MS＋NAA 1.0 mg/L培养基生根效果较佳。采用扦插技术繁育时,插条越长生根率越高,短插条扦插时,结合200 mg/L的NAA进行促生根处理也能取得较好的效果。     

固载脂肪酶催化制备生物柴油

本实验探讨了固载脂肪酶催化蓖麻油和甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油，研究了醇油摩尔比、反应时间与温度等因素对酯化反应的影响.通过固载脂肪酶，很大程度上增强了其稳定性和抗酸碱性，提高了酶的重复使用率，节约成本.结果表明：固载脂肪酶催化酯交换反应最佳反应条件为醇油物质的量比为6∶1，固载酶2%（油重），反应时间为2 h，反应温度为50℃，蓖麻油的转化率最高为92.44%.     

海滨锦葵油生物柴油的制备及性能分析

以海滨锦葵油为原料,对海滨锦葵油合成生物柴油工艺进行了研究;利用气相色谱及化学分析法,得出了较理想的合成工艺条件;通过材料成本核算,探讨了海滨锦葵油合成路线的经济可行性,并对海滨锦葵油生物柴油的燃烧性进行了分析。结果表明,采用生物柴油与化工产品综合生产线,所得生物柴油十六烷值达560,硫的质量分数为0.0038%,主要技术指标达到甚至超过GB/T 20828-2007标准要求。