加速寿命数据的贝叶斯建模与分析

在加速寿命试验的可靠性设计中, 随机化设计的限制以及删失数据不可避免地导致低分位数估计出现较大的偏差。针对上述的问题, 结合贝叶斯抽样技术以及非线性混合模型(nonlinear mixed model, NLMM)提出了一种可靠性改进的分析方法。首先, 需要检验所收集的数据是否服从威布尔分布以及验证形状参数是否是恒定常数。其次, 考虑随机效应对尺度参数和形状参数的影响, 运用NLMM构建了尺度参数和形状参数与试验因子之间的函数关系。然后, 利用贝叶斯方法估计低分位数的可靠性寿命。最后, 实际案例研究表明, 在考虑删失问题和未完全随机设计的影响时, 所提方法能够获得更为稳健和可靠的估计结果。     

基于改进主观贝叶斯方法识别电熔镁炉异常工况

电熔镁炉熔炼过程信息包含大量的不确定性，基于大数据分析的方法难以应用.为准确识别电熔镁炉熔炼过程的异常工况，提出一种基于改进的主观贝叶斯在线规则推理方法.传统的主观贝叶斯方法参数赋值范围过大，针对这一问题，使用映射函数将参数赋值范围缩小到有限区间，以提高方法的实用性.在规则推理时，使用模糊隶属度函数对观察和证据进行模糊匹配，以提高工况识别的鲁棒性和准确率.仿真分析表明该方法可以有效描述规则中的不确定性信息，准确识别电熔镁炉熔炼过程的异常工况.     

异常值和未知观测噪声鲁棒的卡尔曼滤波器

给出了对异常值和未知分布的观测噪声鲁棒的卡尔曼滤波器。分析表明当以Huber损失函数替代推导卡尔曼滤波器最大后验准则中观测误差的l₂范数时, 就构造了一个新的准则。由于Huber损失函数可同时描述l₁和l₂范数, 因此由这个新准则推导的卡尔曼滤波器, 在具有传统卡尔曼滤波器性质的同时, 也有了l₁范数对异常值鲁棒的特性。而当含异常值的观测噪声统计分布未知时, 利用含未知参数的高斯混合模型描述其分布以及变分贝叶斯推理, 提出了对异常值和未知统计分布观测噪声鲁棒的卡尔曼滤波器。仿真和实验在验证了分析结果正确的同时, 也表明提出算法的性能优于现有文献报道鲁棒类的卡尔曼滤波器。     

Description of the aberrant Leptopilina lasallei n. sp., with an updated phylogeny of Leptopilina Förster (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)

ABSTRACT

In the search for native Asian parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii, the notorious spotted-wing Drosophila (SWD), an odd new species of Eucoilinae was discovered. Leptopilina lasallei sp. nov. is herein described and diagnosed relative to other eucoilines associated with drosophilid hosts. Morphologically, L. lasallei is somewhat aberrant within Leptopilina; phylogenetically, L. lasallei is sister group to the core Leptopilina. In the process of investigating L. lasallei, a de novo molecular phylogeny of Leptopilina was generated and is included here. The integrated approach used for the characterisation of L. lasallei, and the resulting phylogeny of Leptopilina, produced data useful to select parasitoid species for SWD biological control.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:402D504A-4616-4524-85D7-1C13A6276F06 http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:402D504A-4616-4524-85D7-1C13A6276F06     

Dynamic Model Averaging and CPI Inflation Forecasts: A Comparison between the Euro Area and the United States

The paper forecasts consumer price inflation in the euro area (EA) and in the USA between 1980:Q1 and 2012:Q4 based on a large set of predictors, with dynamic model averaging (DMA) and dynamic model selection (DMS). DMA/DMS allows not solely for coefficients to change over time, but also for changes in the entire forecasting model over time. DMA/DMS provides on average the best inflation forecasts with regard to alternative approaches (such as the random walk). DMS outperforms DMA. These results are robust for different sample periods and for various forecast horizons. The paper highlights common features between the USA and the EA. First, two groups of predictors forecast inflation: temporary fundamentals that have a frequent impact on inflation but only for short time periods; and persistent fundamentals whose switches are less frequent over time. Second, the importance of some variables (particularly international food commodity prices, house prices and oil prices) as predictors for consumer price index inflation increases when such variables experience large shocks. The paper also shows that significant differences prevail in the forecasting models between the USA and the EA. Such differences can be explained by the structure of these respective economies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

融合多源先验信息的舰船备件可靠性评估

舰船工作环境常导致备件的实际可靠性规律与设计参数不一致。在实际使用消耗量较小的条件下,全面分析备件可靠性信息来源,通过定义似然权重系数,融合多源先验信息,建立指数型备件可靠性的贝叶斯评估方法。最后,通过仿真分析验证方法的合理性。结果表明,所提出的基于似然权重的先验信息融合方法可以较好地融合不同信息源的可靠性信息,估计方法具有较好的稳定性。     

基于双因子Lee-Carter模型的死亡率预测及年金产品风险评估

本文针对传统单因子Lee-Carter模型中死亡率的改善呈常数速率的明显弊端,利用贝叶斯MCMC方法和中国实际人口死亡率数据,考察对比了双因子Lee-Carter模型的预测效果.检验结果表明双因子模型的拟合优度和离差信息准则DIC明显优于单因子模型,较好地抓住了死亡率随时间演进的波动性.文章还进一步比较了基于两种模型预测结果的年金的定价、统计特征、风险度量和资本要求.结果表明双因子模型下,年金价格核密度图的尖峰厚尾现象较为突出,宜考虑TVaR风险度量来弥补SolvencyⅡ中基于VaR的资本额度计算方法的不足,以因应年金产品中死亡率超预期改善的长寿风险.     

基于贝叶斯理论与Vine Copula的化工过程异常事件数的预测

针对化工过程风险,提出了一种化工过程异常事件数的预测方法。化工生产过程中由于受到干扰,时常发生异常事件。异常事件如果得不到有效控制将引发生产事故,其发生次数越高表明发生生产事故的概率越大,因此,准确预测化工过程异常事件数有助于提高化工过程的风险管理水平。基于操作班组,采用贝叶斯理论与Vine Copula建立了动态预测模型,实现对化工过程一个轮班内异常事件数的预测。     

Spatial dependence model with feature difference

This paper presents a new spatial dependence model with an adjustment of feature difference. The model accounts for the spatial autocorrelation in both the outcome variables and residuals. The feature difference adjustment in the model helps to emphasize feature changes across neighboring units, while suppressing unobserved covariates that are present in the same neighborhood. The prediction at a given unit incorporates components that depend on the differences between the values of its main features and those of its neighboring units. In contrast to conventional spatial regression models, our model does not require a comprehensive list of global covariates necessary to estimate the outcome variable at the unit, as common macro-level covariates are differenced away in the regression analysis. Using the real estate market data in Hong Kong, we applied Gibbs sampling to determine the posterior distribution of each model parameter. The result of our empirical analysis confirms that the adjustment of feature difference with an inclusion of the spatial error autocorrelation produces better out-of-sample prediction performance than other conventional spatial dependence models. In addition, our empirical analysis can identify components with more significant contributions.     

基于DBN的区域计算机联锁系统可靠性分析

区域计算机联锁设备是实现区域内行车安全、保证运输效率的核心设备,对其可靠性研究具有重要意义。结合目前存在的2种区域联锁制式,采用一种新的联锁方案,即在主控站和从控站(选择其中1站或多站)均设置联锁设备。综合考虑联锁系统的共因故障和可维修等因素,利用动态贝叶斯网络对其进行可靠性分析。首先,从系统故障■安全和危险输出的角度出发,建立区域两联锁单元和三联锁单元的动态故障树,并将其转换为相应的动态贝叶斯网络模型;然后利用动态贝叶斯网络的推理特性,对区域联锁系统进行可靠性分析;最后比较了该方法与基于静态贝叶斯网络和动态故障树分析法的结果。计算结果表明:主控站和其中之一的从控站均设置联锁设备是实现区域联锁的较佳方式;且基于动态贝叶斯网络的系统可靠性分析较上述两种方法在计算准确度和时间复杂度方面均有明显优势;并通过动态贝叶斯网络的诊断推理可知,共因故障是系统故障的主要原因,因此应重点防范以降低事故发生的概率。