Node ordinal encoded genetic algorithm for the optimal allocation of water resources

The shortage of water supply and the increasingdemand for water resources is a severe problem, andthe optimal allocation is the key to solving this prob lem in management of water resources. It is very dif ficult to solve the large scale discrete problem of waterresources programming because of the intricate rela tion between resources and environment. Combina tion exploding exists in traditional programmingmethods, such as enumerative and dynamic program ming methods. People are …     

Deformation in the Three Gorges Reservoir after the first impoundment determined by GPS measurements

Currently,theongoingThreeGorgesProject(TGP)isthebiggesthydraulicprojectintheworld andtheThreeGorgesdamwillbeoneofthehighest dams.Standing185mhigh,itwillbeholding3.92×1010m3ofwaterwhencompletedin2009.Howev er,previousresearchesandhistoricalrecordshave shownthatsuchahugecontentofwatermighttrig germinorandmediateearthquakes[1—4],becausea decreaseoffrictiononanactivefaultduetoporepres surediffusenessandenhancedwaterpermeationcould causefaultintermittentunlockingtoreleaseseismic energy[4,5—8]…     

Modal extension rule

Sinceautomatedtheoremprovingwasintroduced inthe1950s,ithasbeenmaturedintooneofthe mostadvancedareasofcomputerscience.Theresolu tionmethodisoneofthemostdistinguishedandmost widelyappliedmethodsintheoremproving(TP).ResolutionbasedTPtriestodeducetheemptyclause tochecktheunsatisfiabilityofclauseset.Butexten sionrulebasedTP[1]proceedsinverselytoresolution.Namely,extensionrulebasedTPcheckstheunsatis fiabilitybydeducingthesetofclausesconsistingofall themaximumterms.Therefore,itisanewtheorem provi…     

Paleoecological implications of the nitrogen isotope signatures in the sediments amended by Antarctic seal excrements

Theanalysesofpaleoecologicalprocessesondifferenttemporalandspatialscales,thetimeexpansionofthetraditionalecology,areimportantforpredictingthefutureglobalchanges[1].However,itisdifficulttoperformsuchanalysesonalargetemporal,forexamplethousandyear,scale.Currentpaleoecologicalstudiesstronglyrelyonfossilrelicssuchasfootprint,moulage,reliquiae,boneandothermaterials,butthesematerialsarerarelyavailableanddifficulttopreserve.Recently,stableisotopeanalysishasbeenusedasaneffectivetechniqueforstudyingthe…     

Method for seasonal precipitation reconstruction derived from snow and rainfall archives in Qing Dynasty: A case study in Shijiazhuang

High resolutionhistoricalclimaticdataarevitalforunderstandingthemechanismsofclimaticvariabil ity ,improvingclimatemodel,anddistinguishingan thropogeniceffectsfromthenaturalforcingoncli matechange[1,2 ] .China ,withcontinuousandabun danthistoricaldocuments ,isoneofthemostpotentialregionstoprovidehigh resolutionclimaticseries[3,4 ] .Sincethe 1970s ,manyhistoricalclimaticserieshavebeenestablishedbyproxydata ,forexample ,thegradeofdryness/wetnessfor 12 0stationsoverthepastfivecenturies[5] ,andfor …     

Interannual and interdecadal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation spatial shift

The spatial shift of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is analyzed by using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 2 dataset and identifying NAO action centers directly on winter mean sealevel pressure (SLP) anomaly maps. The spatial shift of the NAO is characterized by four NAO spatial shift indices: the zonal and meridional shifts of the NAO southern and northern action centers. It is found that the zonal and meridional shift trends of the NAO action centers move along a path of southwest-northwest direction. Spectral analysis shows that the four NAO spatial shift indices have periodicity of 2-6 years and the NAO index has periodicity of 2-3 years in terms of high-frequency variations. On a decadal time scale, the NAO spatial shift indices are closely (positively) related to the NAO index, which is in agreement with previous studies of the relationship between the NAO index and the spatial shift of the NAO pattern. However, there is no relationship between the NAO index and the meridional shift of the northern action center on an interannual time scale. The significant relationship between the NAO index and the interannual variability of NAO spatial shift indices is very likely to be associated with synopticscale Rossby wave breaking, which generates surface pressure anomalies and thus affects the phase and pattern of the NAO. The correlations of winter westerly winds over 90°W-0° and the NAO index and the NAO spatial shift indices have a ’+ - + -’ structure from the Equator to the North Pole. Although there is close correlation between the NAO spatial shift indices and the strength of the zonal winds in the North Atlantic region, the effect of the zonal winds on the NAO spatial shift differs at different latitudes. Hence, the role of the zonal winds is probably a result of the NAO spatial shifts.     

Asymmetric energy flow in coupled nonlinear LC transmission line

We constructed a coupled LC transmission line and studied the propagation of waves in it. We found asymmetric energy flow when we changed the driving conditions at the boundary. We analyzed this change and believe that it occurs because of the bandpass characteristics of the LC transmission line and high-order harmonic waves induced by nonlinearities. The LC transmission line could be used to simulate a microscopic crystal lattice. Therefore, we hope to observe thermal rectification in the system. We investigated the dependence of the system on different parameters, and then discussed the multi-frequency condition to aid in experimental verification.     

Distribution and correlation analysis of wildfire and weather data in Japan

Theoccurrence ,spreadanddistributionofwild firesareaffectedbyhumanactivities,weatherandfu eltype ,ortreespecies ,etc .Inalongterm ,thefre quency sizedistributionofwildfiressatisfiesthepow er lawrelation[1— 4 ] connectedwithself organizedcriticality[5,6 ] ,whichisfoundincomplexsystemssuchastheInternet[7— 8] ,earthquake[9] ,epi demics[10 ] ,andsoon .Thedistributionsofverylargefiresandverysmallfiresdeviatefromthepower lawwithheavy tail[1— 4 ,12 ] andflat head[13] phenomena ,respectively .Obser…     

Spectral absorption coefficient of phytoplankton and its relation to chlorophyll a and remote sensing reflectance in coastal waters of southern China

Thespectralabsorptioncoefficientof phyto plankton ,aph(λ) ,iscriticalforbio opticalmodels .Suchmodelsusingaph(λ) ,combinedwithremotelysenseddata ,havebeenrecentlyusedtointerpretthevariationsofoceancoloraswellastoproviderobustestimationofprimaryproductionatglobalorregionalscaleandthustoestimatecarbonfluxintheeuphoticlayer[1— 6 ] .Thechlorophyll specificabsorption ,a ph(λ) ,definedastheratioofphytoplanktonabsorp tioncoefficienttochlorophyllaconcentration ,waspreviouslyconsideredasaconstant,a…     

A resonant miniature electric field sensor using bulk-micromachining process

Recentyears,increasingattentionhasbeenpaidtotheresearchoflow costandsmall sizedelectric fieldsensors(EFSs)[1,2]sincethereexistseveralap plicationsoftheirmacroscalecounterparts[3,4].Foryears,agrowingdevelopmentofmicromachining technologieshasbeenwitnessed,whichbroughtin significantimprovementinperformanceandfunction alityofvariousmicroelectromechanicalsystems(MEMS)devices[5,6].Inthispaper,weproposea methodofdesigningaminiatureEFS(MEFS)using six stepbulk micromachiningprocess.Advantagesofo…