Ferryl and hydroxy intermediates in the reaction of oxygen with reduced cytochrome c oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase catalyses the 4-electron reduction of dioxygen to water and translocates protons vectorially across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Proposed reaction pathways for the catalytic cycle of the O2 reduction are difficult to verify without knowing the structures of the intermediates, but we now have such information for the catalytic intermediates in the first steps of the reaction of O2 with cytochrome c oxidase from resonance Raman spectroscopy, a technique that enables iron-ligand stretching modes to be identified. Here we report on two more key intermediates: a ferryl-oxo (Fe4 = O2-) and a ferric-hydroxy (Fe3+--OH-) intermediate at the level of 3- and 4-electron reduction, respectively. We identified these intermediates by their characteristic iron-oxygen stretching frequencies (786 cm-1 for Fe4+ = O2-, and 450 cm-1 for Fe3+ -- OH-) and oxygen and deuterium isotope shifts. The oxo atom in the ferryl intermediate is hydrogen-bonded and the iron-oxygen bond in the hydroxy intermediate is anomalously weak. With the identification of the primary, ferryl and hydroxy intermediates, the predominant structures at almost all stages of O2 reduction are now known and the catalytic pathway can be described with more certainty.     

外显生长指数

基于一篇文章所引用的参考文献和该文的被引频次两个维度,提出了衡量该文外显成长度的相对指标.该研究涉及的引用数据及每条参考文献的被引数据均来自网络版科学引文索引(Web of Science),检索日期为2010年4月最后一周.     

血管成形术和Stent放置术放射治疗后动脉损伤的治疗

用于评价经皮穿刺血管成形术和Ｓｔｅｎｔ在放疗后所致动脉疾病的治疗,及靶血管内Ｓｔｅｎｔ的长期支撑开放作用。资料和方法：１４例患者,因为放疗所致１８处动脉性病变,而给予血管成形术治疗。１３个Ｓｔｅｎｔ放置于８个患者,分别治疗血管闭塞３例,内膜撕裂１例,动脉瘤１例,残存狭窄２例,多发狭窄１例,球囊成形术后再发狭窄１例。所有病例均用ＣＴ扫描和／或多普勒超声检查,观察Ｓｔｅｎｔ及其靶血管内和Ｓｔｅｎｔ内的血流情况。结果：血管成形术成功治疗１４例病人,８例患者在动脉病变处放置Ｓｔｅｎｔ。１１例动脉病基本消失,追踪２年（８月～５年）,临床症状完全解除,３例临床症改善。１１例患者接受了１或２次血管成形术。１例患者重复承受了４次血管成形术,并放置３个Ｓｔｅｎｔ,２个Ｓｔｅｎｔ放在两髂总动脉和腹主动脉,１个Ｓｔｅｎｔ放在腹腔动脉。另１位重复４次血管成形术的患者,在肠系膜上动脉放了２个Ｓｔｅｎｔ。最后１例,因为血管成形术后内膜撕裂和血管闭塞,而放置了１个Ｓｔｅｎｔ,经５年随防,其动脉病变为临床治愈。结论：单一的血管成形术或者多技术综合运用,可有效治疗放疗所致的动脉性病变,应考虑其为动脉损伤性病变的首选治疗     

A multi-metric approach for research evaluation

Background information is provided about the Web 2.0 related term altmetrics. This term is placed in the context of the broader field of informetrics. The term influmetrics is proposed as a better term for altmetrics. The importance of considering research products and not just scientific publications is highlighted. Issues related to peer review and making funding decisions within a multi-metric approach are discussed and brought in relation with the new metrics field.     

Host sanctions and the legume-rhizobium mutualism

Explaining mutualistic cooperation between species remains one of the greatest problems for evolutionary biology. Why do symbionts provide costly services to a host, indirectly benefiting competitors sharing the same individual host? Host monitoring of symbiont performance and the imposition of sanctions on 'cheats' could stabilize mutualism. Here we show that soybeans penalize rhizobia that fail to fix N(2) inside their root nodules. We prevented a normally mutualistic rhizobium strain from cooperating (fixing N(2)) by replacing air with an N(2)-free atmosphere (Ar:O(2)). A series of experiments at three spatial scales (whole plants, half root systems and individual nodules) demonstrated that forcing non-cooperation (analogous to cheating) decreased the reproductive success of rhizobia by about 50%. Non-invasive monitoring implicated decreased O(2) supply as a possible mechanism for sanctions against cheating rhizobia. More generally, such sanctions by one or both partners may be important in stabilizing a wide range of mutualistic symbioses.     

The R- and AR-indices： Complementing the h-index

Based on the foundation laid by the h-index we introduce and study the R- and AR-indices. These new indices eliminate some of the disadvantages of the h-index, especially when they are used in combina-tion with the h-index. The R-index measures the h-core’s citation intensity, while AR goes one step further and takes the age of publications into account. This allows for an index that can actually in-crease and decrease over time. We propose the pair (h, AR) as a meaningful indicator for research evaluation. We further prove a relation characterizing the h-index in the power law model.     

Hirsch 指数研究的新进展

提出了离散Hirsch 指数（简称h 指数）的精确定义，引入了“Hirsch 核心”这一概念。不仅将h 指数推广到实数集，还介绍了其他相关的派生指数，g 指数和A 指数。只有h 指数和g 指数相结合，才能较全面地评价科学家的科研成就。     

h指数研究在2007－2008年的新进展

该文对近期（2007－2008年）h指数及其衍生指数的发展进行了简单的回顾。