Differing morphology and ultrastructure of the male copulatory apparatus in species-groups of Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Male genitalia of 13 members of the mymarid wasp genus Anagrus have been studied: Anagrus (Anagrella) mymaricornis (Bakkendorf), Anagrus (Paranagrus) unilinearis Soyka, A. (Anagrus) ustulatus Haliday, A. (A.) erythroneurae Trjapitzin and Chiappini, A. (A.) atomus (Linnaeus), A. (A.) aegyptiacus Soyka, A. (A.) vilis Donev, A. (A.) sensillatus Viggiani and Jesu, A. (A.) breviphragma Soyka, A. (A.) incarnatus Haliday, A. (A.) obscurus Förster sensu Soyka, A. (A.) fennicus Soyka and A. (A.) avalae Soyka. Taxonomically significant differences between subgenera and the atomus and incarnatus species-groups are described. The functional significance of various features, and in particular, the arrangment of sensilla are discussed.     

瓦氏黄颡头骨的研究(英文)

本文对瓦氏黄颡头骨形态作了详细描述,并对鲶形目续骨的退化和前鳃盖骨功能的转变进行了讨论。通过对鲿科、鲶科、鮡科、胡子鲶科和鲤科共8种鱼类头骨的比较观察,发现鲶类头骨的又一显著特征,即上枕骨上有一对三叉神经叉脊支神经孔。 瓦氏黄颡的头骨由125块(含软骨)组成,其中脑颅37块,咽颅86块(颌弓20,舌弓37,鳃弓31)。其头骨的主要特点可归纳如下: (1)无顶骨、后耳骨和下鳃盖骨; (2)腭骨呈棒状,后端游离,前端与上颌骨关节;上颌骨退化成短棍状以支持触须。 (3)上枕骨具发达的柄状上枕棘及腹脊,以及一对三叉神经叉脊支神经孔。 (4)前囟和后囟均存在,且较宽,表明其在进化上的原始性; (5)由泪骨、侧筛骨、筛骨、鼻骨和前颌骨构成的框架保护其发达的鼻囊; (6)由4对围眶骨和侧筛骨、额骨保护其较发达的眼; (7)前鳃盖骨与舌颌骨、方骨紧密关节,间鳃盖骨紧贴在上舌骨的外面,均参与悬器的形成; (8)鳃弓骨化不全,仅骨化出2枚基鳃骨、2对下鳃骨;相当于基一下鳃骨区域的其余部分终生保留为软骨; (9)具软骨性续骨。     

浙江鲤科鱼类咽骨咽齿的研究Ⅱ

本文报导浙江(鱼旁)(鱼皮)亚科鱼类咽骨咽齿的研究结果,根据其形态特点可区分为4种类型。     

黄颡鱼头骨的研究

黄颡鱼是广布于我国各江河湖泊的一种习见小型经济鱼类,生活水流底层。其头骨共有126块;无顶骨、后耳骨和下鳃盖骨,有续软骨存在。犁骨、前颌骨、齿骨上都具铺石状牙齿;上颌骨、腭骨不具齿而异常特化成棒状小骨以支持触须。舌颌骨、方骨、中翼骨、外翼骨发育良好。前鳃盖骨失去鳃盖作用而参与悬器的形成。     

毛竹基腐病菌（Arthrinium phaeospermum）的研究

报道毛竹基腐病菌（暗孢节菱孢）的形态特征，孢子萌发方式和主要生态特性。电镜观察表明，该菌的基本形态与Ｍ．Ｂ．Ｅｌｌｉｓ所描述的一致外，还发现了一些未被描述过的孢子类型：（１）长椭圆形一棍棒状的分生孢子；（２）向顶性陆续形成的分生孢子链；（３）间生和顶生的厚坦孢子。孢子萌发试验结果表明：该菌的分生孢子有两种萌发方式：一种是产生芽管，另一种是产生泡囊，囊中含有多个无色球状或椭圆形的孢子。适合孢子萌发的     

脉红螺（Rapanavenosa）心肌纤维的形态学研究

作者从１９９０年３月至１９９３年６月，通过光镜和电镜，观察了脉红螺心肌纤维的形态结构，并与其它软体动物和脊椎动物进行了比较。脉红螺心肌纤维细长，无肌节和周期性横纹，排列不规则，纵横交错，在两条心肌纤维连接处有类似闰盘的结构。肌原纤维由粗丝和细丝构成，两者平行相间排列，对位不整齐．线粒体发达，成簇分布在肌膜下或肌原纤维间，其间有脂褐素颗粒存在，肌质网不甚发达，成泡状结构，分布在肌膜下．大量糖元颗粒存在于线粒体周围或肌原纤维之间。脉红螺心肌纤维的肌微丝直径处于河蚌和金乌贼的之间。     

串珠藻目(红藻门)基于形态学证据的系统发育分析

以串珠藻目的16个分类单位加上外类群作为研究对象,选取18个性状作为研究基础,得到18×17的数值矩阵,以分支分类学的方法对串珠藻目的系统发育过程进行分析.采用4种方法进行分支分析,其中以最大同步法的运算结果最为合理,分支图最大步长为269,最小步长为35,实际步长为47,简约系数为0.0513.在串珠藻目中,以红索藻科最为原始,它向两个方向演化,其中一大支随着受精丝的明显膨大,演化出串珠藻科;另一大支则有更多的形态特征发生变化,配子体中出现假薄壁组织,中轴节处产生有定数的分枝,出现发达的外皮层,精子囊以精子囊群的方式成块状或带状出现,果孢子体生于外皮层内部,演化出鱼子菜科和裸管藻科.在串珠藻科中,以串珠藻属的串珠藻组较为原始,而假枝藻属和托氏藻属则较为进化.     

Rediscovery of Gastrostyla setifera (Engelmann, 1862) Kent, 1882: morphology and divisional morphogenesis (Ciliophora,Hypotrichida)

The morphology and morphogenesis of the poorly known hypotrichous ciliate Gastrostyla setifera, isolated from a freshwater pond near Harbin, China, are described from both living and protargol silver-impregnated specimens. The Harbin population of this species is characterized thus: medium-sized freshwater Gastrostyla, 150-205 × 70-95 μm in vivo, ellipsoid in shape but somewhat narrowed posteriorly. Contractile vacuole located in left half of mid-body region. On average 48-56 (mean 52) adoral membranelles; 10 frontal and 9-11 ventral cirri; 23-26 left and 30-34 right marginal cirri; usually with four complete dorsal kineties and two dorsomarginal kineties; three caudal cirri present at posterior margin; invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Its morphogenesis reveals the following characteristics: (1) adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) in the opisthe arises from the new oral primordium while the proter inherits the entire parental structure; (2) 10 frontal, 9-11 ventral and five transverse cirri are derived from five frontoventral transverse cirral anlagen together with the undulating membrane anlage; (3) left and right marginal cirri are derived from new anlagen which originate within the old marginal rows; (4) the generation of the dorsal kineties is of the 'two-group-mode'; three left primary dorsal anlagen and two dorsomarginal anlagen appear as two groups in both dividers from which all dorsal kineties are derived (the fourth kinety is formed due to the fragmentation of the third anlage); (5) one caudal cirrus is formed at the ends of each of the first, second and fourth dorsal anlagen.     

香菇的应用价值及前景展望

香菇是世界第二大食用菌,也是我国特产之一,在民间素有"山珍"之称。它是一种生长在木材上的真菌。味道鲜美,香气沁人,营养丰富,素有"植物皇后"美誉。本文介绍了香菇的形态特征及生长环境,并对其在食用和药用价值方面作了综述的介绍,包括多糖、蛋白等作用。展望了香菇在应用方面的研究前景。     

A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Soil-feeding termites are dominant members of the soil fauna in lowland tropical rainforests. As ecosystem engineers, they have a profound effect on their environment, particularly through modification of the vast quantities of soil that they ingest. There is growing evidence that the processing of the soil in the gut is influenced by the enteric valve--an extremely well-developed feature in the hindgut of the Termitidae, consisting of six ridges, variously armed with spines, teeth and scales. Although this valve has been extensively used in morphological work, little is known of its function. Scanning electron microscopy has been used in this study to better understand the three-dimensional structure of the enteric valve in the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae, a group in which these valves are everted into the following chamber of the hindgut. This configuration lends itself to scanning electron microscopy in a way that it does not in other soil-feeders, since in those species the armature is obscured within the gut lumen. It seems plausible that this structure is instrumental in filtering material through the gut in such a way that the coarse, organic-poor portion of the soil is channeled fast through the centre, while directing the fine, organic-rich portion to the edges for lengthier digestion of recalcitrant plant material. Thus, the enteric valve would appear to be important for the termites to survive on this nutrient-poor but super-abundant food resource.