模拟酸雨淋洗下土壤化学和矿物风化特性的变化

经模拟酸雨处理不同紫色土而引起土壤化学和矿物变化的研究，发现模拟酸雨量对土壤交换性盐基影响更大，盐基离子流失次序为Ｃａ（２＋）＞Ｍｇ（２＋）＞Ｋ＋，而土壤酸度受模拟酸雨酸度直接影响更重。在模拟大量酸度强酸雨处理明显酸化的土壤上，铁、铝氧化物含量相对增加；粘土矿物中石英明显减少，晶体表面状况受到破坏。因此，重庆地区长期的酸雨必将影响到土壤的化学风化。     

The climatic variations and development of yellow soil in Beibei since the Holocene epoch

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漳浦沿海新生代玄武岩的风化成矿作用

玄武岩红土壳具帝状结构。本文叙述了红土壳各带的岩石、矿物特征,风化过程中元素的迁移和聚散,硅铝分离、铁铝分离在铝土矿形成上的重要意义;用扫描电镜和能谱仪对各带样品作了系统观测;探讨了矿物的风化和演变;认为三水铝石可通过多种方式形成于风化作用的不同阶段。     

房山岩体的岩浆来源、形成机制及动力学意义

房山岩体是华北东部典型的燕山期中酸性侵入杂岩体,其地球化学特征为富Si、Na、Al、Sr,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta),轻重稀土分异强烈,Sr-Nd同位素具有类似EMI型富集地幔的特点,表明其岩浆来自于加厚下地壳的部分熔融,并且中生代华北东部下地壳已经被早先的富集岩石圈地幔置换.不同基性程度岩浆的不完全混合是形成微粒闪长质包体的原因.侵入杂岩的角闪石压力计显示下地壳部分熔融形成的中酸性岩浆先后在19~8 km里的深度范围内结晶就位.古太平洋板块在地幔过渡带深度于早白垩世水平俯冲至太行山一线,洋壳脱水导致上覆地幔部分熔融,后者成为加热下地壳部分熔融的热源.     

北极新奥尔松地区环境演变的沉积记录

分析了北极新奥尔松地区伦敦岛的湖泊沉积物L1的16种元素(Hg、Se、Cd、As、Cu、Zn、P、Fe、Ti、K、Mn、Ca、Mg、Na、Si、Al)及TOC(总有机碳)的含量.结果表明:沉积物表层5 cm部分Hg、Se、Cd等重金属元素的污染主要是由20世纪以来新奥尔松煤矿开采活动引起的;而5 cm以下部分属于自然沉积.同时,发现最表层的Hg、Se、Cd含量有降低趋势,很可能是新奥尔松煤矿的关闭导致煤灰沉积的减少.计算了ICV等元素比值,其结果揭示了新奥尔松地区的化学风化作用十分微弱,过去几千年来,该地区气候环境经历了相对暖湿-寒冷-相对暖湿的阶段.     

Water in granulites: implications for the nature and evolution of the lower continental crust

The tower continental crust is one of the most important sphere-layers in the deep earth, and is the direct place where the crust-mantle interactions occur. Granulttes are the dominated rocks in the lower crust, and have critical implications for the knowledge of the composition, nature and evolution of the deep crust; fluids are important mediums influencing many geochemical, geophysical and geodynamical characteristics of the lower crust, and may also play a fundamental role in the petrogenesis of granulites and the formation of the lower crusts. In this paper, we review recent advances involved with the deep continental crust, granulites and fluids, and some longstanding debates. Combined with the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis performed on the mineral assemblages (cpx, opx, plag and grt) in lower crustal granulite xenoliths and terrains (exposed section) from east China, it is suggested that structural water, dominated by OH, in these nominally anhydrous phases may constitute the most important water reservoir in the deep crust. This structual water may help to understand many lower crustal geological processes and phenomena (e.g. seismic activities and electrical conductive anomalies), and influences from these water must be taken into consideration.     

The Dongcaohe ophiolite from the North Qilian Mountains： A fossil oceanic crust of the Paleo-Qilian ocean

The Dongcaohe ophiolite, located at the south of the North Qilian subduction complexes, is a tectonic block with an exposed area of about 3 km×6 km. It consists of an intrusive section overlain by an ex- trusive section. The lower part of the intrusive section consists of cyclic layers of cumulate dunites, troctolites, anorthosites, anorthositic gabbros, and gabbros with small discordant dunite and troctolite bodies. This layered sequence grades upward to isotropic gabbros and gabbronorites, which are overlain by the extrusive sequence of diabasic sheeted dikes and basaltic lavas. The overall mineral crystallization sequence was olivine±Cr-spinel, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides. The Cr-spinel (Mg#: 42-66, Cr#: 41-57) in these layered cumulates and present-day abyssal peridotites have similar compositions. Also, the compositional variations of the plagioclase and cli- nopyroxene in the intrusive section reflect crystallization from melts compositionally similar to the present-day ocean basalts. Moreover, the rare earth element (REE) and multi-element distribution pat- terns of the intrusive and extrusive lithologies in the Dongcaohe ophiolite are consistent with crystal- lization of mid-ocean ridge basalts. The zircon grains separated from the gabbronorite have an SHRIMP average 206Pb/238U weighted age of 497 ± 7 Ma, which is considered as the tectonic emplacement age of the Dongcaohe ophiolite. The field occurrence, mineral and whole-rock compositions indicate that the Dongcaohe ophiolite represents a well-persevered oceanic crustal fragment composed of a complete oceanic crustal section of layered cumulates at bottom upgrading through isotropic cumulates to sheeted dikes and lava flows.     

广西叫弄英安岩风化剖面与地下水作用的证据

利用薄片观察、X－射线粉晶衍射分析和化学分析研究了广西凭祥英安岩的化学风化作用，在风化剖面形成过程中由于地下水作用的叠加，使得风化部面的发育偏离了“正常的”演化趋势。异常高的K2O、Na2O与TiO2的比值对应于高岭石的伊利石化和自生钠长石的形成，样品中等厚胶结物的存在直接指示了地下水曾经存在的位置。     

太湖现代沉积物的物质组成和形成条件分析

对太湖现代沉积物进行了X射线衍射分析、粒度分析和常量元素分析，由此推断它们的矿物成分、化学风化程度差异，并分析了不同的水动力条件和物源。太湖沉积物的主要矿物组成是石英、云母、正长石和钠长石，粘土矿物为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石。化学组成显示，太湖沉积物的烧失量较高，与上部陆壳平均化学成分相比，Na、Na、K、Mg亏损，Mn、Ti富集，上部陆壳成分标准化图表明其风化程度明显强于下蜀土。化学风化程度指标CIA、Na/K值和Fe/Mg值的变化也表明太湖沉积物的化学风化作用比下蜀土强，，并存在地域的差别。太湖沉积物的CaCO3含量明显较低，反映了太湖流域本身的特点。所有这些特征表明，太湖沉积物的形成不仅与物源、地域位置有关，而且明显受人类活动的影响。     

甘肃白银厂矿田流纹岩的成因及其构造意义

白银厂矿田早-中寒武世流纹岩被认为是大陆裂谷环境或洋内弧岩浆作用的产物。地球化学分析结果显示：流纹岩具有Ti，Nb，Ta明显负异常，Sr和P中等负异常，LREE略富集到富集，相对亏损HFSE，La／Nb值为1～2，La/Th值为1.1～2.5,Th/Ta值高（6～12），部分样品表现为MREE负异常的稀土元素配分特征 ，δu=0.5～1.1,(^87Sr/^86Sr)t=0.7026～0.7048,ENd(t)= 5.60～ 6.14，综合其地球化学特征，推测流纹岩形成应是在大陆地壳基础上，由于与俯冲作用有关的玄武岩浆底侵作用导致镁铁质下地壳发生部分熔融所致。